Impacts of female genital mutilation (FGM) on women’s reproductive health (2012)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Kasim K,Shaaban S,El Sadak AE,Hassan Haytham FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the impact of female genital mutilation (FGM) on some reproductive health factors among Egyptian women Study Population: Women Findings: The study revealed statistically significant associations between FGM and adverse reproductive health. The risk of dyspareunia was high among circumcised women with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.9 (95% CI = 2.5- 6.1). There had also been significant high risks of recurrent vaginal infection (OR = 3.3; 95% 1.6-7.5),infertility (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.5-5.9),and post partum hemorrhage (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.2-8.3) among circumcised women Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

September 8, 2023

Implication of female genital mutilation in Nigeria as portal for infectious diseases (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Anzaku,A. A.,Angbalaga,A. G.,& Achetu,A. C.  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To better understand female genital mutilation,by developing a culturally competent guide for health care providers working with patients affected by FGM. Study Population: Health care providers 2. women with past experiences meeting with healthcare professionals on issues relating to FGM. Findings: cultural competency and knowledge regarding FGM is lacking and is needed in order to better serve the high volume of refugee and immigrants that have undergone this procedure and are currently living in San Diego Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source

Important Lessons on FGM/C Abandonment from four reasearch studies in Egypt (2020)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): N Wahba,N Abdel-Tawab,A Salem FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to assist the national task force for ending FGM/C in developing evidence based policies and programmes to accelearate the abandonment of FGM/C. Study Population: four research studies in Egypt. Findings: FGM/C is percieved acceptable when performed in a certain manner and if performed by a medical practioner. Doctors are percieved to know whether the practice is neccesary. Mothers are the the key players in the practice,however fathers are increasingly becoming involved. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Improving care for women and girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting: qualitative systematic reviews (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Evans,C.,Tweheyo,R.,McGarry,J.,Eldridge,J.,Albert,J.,Nkoyo,V.,& Higginbottom,G. (2019). FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To undertake two systematic reviews of qualitative evidence to illuminate the experiences,needs,barriers and facilitators around seeking and providing female genital mutilation-/cutting-related health care from the perspectives of (1) women and girls who have experienced female genital mutilation/ cutting (review 1) and (2) health professionals (review 2) Study Population: (1) women and girls who have experienced female genital mutilation/ cutting (review 1) and (2) health professionals (review 2). Findings: Seventy-eight papers (74 distinct studies) met the inclusion criteria for both reviews: 57 papers in review 1 (n=18 from the UK),30 papers in review 2 (n=5 from the UK) and nine papers common to both. Review 1 comprised 17 descriptive themes synthesised into five analytical themes. Women’s health-care experiences related to female genital mutilation/cutting were shaped by silence and stigma,which hindered care-seeking and access to care,especially for non-pregnant women. Across all countries,women reported emotionally distressing and disempowering care experiences. There was limited awareness of specialist service provision. Good care depended on having a trusting relationship with a culturally sensitive and knowledgeable provider. Review 2 comprised 20 descriptive themes synthesised into six analytical themes. Providers from many settings reported feeling uncomfortable talking about female genital mutilation/cutting,lacking sufficient knowledge and struggling with language barriers. This led to missed opportunities for,and suboptimal management of,female genital mutilation-/cutting-related care. More positive experiences/practices were reported in contexts where there was input from specialists and where there were clear processes to address language barriers and to support timely identification,referral and follow-up Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Improving estimates of the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among migrants in Western countries (2016)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ortensi Livia Elisa,Patrizia Farina,and Alessio Menonna FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To present an improved method of indirect estimation of the prevalence of FGM/C among first generation migrants based on a migrant selection hypothesis. A criterion to assess reliability of indirect estimates is also provided. Study Population: Not Stated Findings: The application of the selection hypothesis modifies national estimates,usually predicting a lower occurrence of FGM/C among immigrants than in their respective practicing countries. A comparison of direct and indirect estimations confirms that the method correctly predicts the direction of the variation in the expected prevalence and satisfactorily approximates direct estimates. Given its wide applicability,this method would be a useful instrument to estimate FGM/C occurrence among first generation immigrants and provide corresponding support for policies in countries where information from ad hoc surveys is unavailable. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

In Kenya,Community Traits Affect Women’s Decisions On Daughters’ Circumcision (2005)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the extent to which individual and community-level characteristics are associated with women’s decisions to have their daughters circumcised,the analyst used data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Study Population: Women Findings: Overall,38% of women aged 15-49 reported experienced genital cutting. The proportion of women who had been circumcised increased with age and decreased with education and exposure to media. The relationship between genital cutting and household wealth was less clear: Greater proportions of women in the third and fourth lowest quintiles of wealth (50% and 47%,respectively) than of those in the bottom quintile (31%) or top two quintiles (26-30%) had been circumcised. Forty-two percent of rural women reported having experienced genital cutting,compared with 23% of urban women. Finally,the proportion of circumcised women varied dramatically by ethnic group: For example,97% of Kisii and 89% of Masai were circumcised,compared with 43% of Kikuyu and only 1% of Luo. Among circumcised women,46% planned to circumcise their daughters or had done so. Patterns in daughters’ circumcision by education,media exposure and household wealth were similar to those for women overall; however,the proportion circumcised did not vary as much by area of residence or by ethnicity among daughters as it did among women overall. Also,no clear pattern was seen in the relationship between daughter’s circumcision and daughter’s age. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

In the best Interests of the child: preventing female genital cutting (FGC) (2013)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Costello Susie,Quinn Marjorie,Tatchell Allison,Jordan Lynne,Neophytou Koula FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To address FGM/C prevalence and harm,its cultural and social bases and effective prevention strategies internationally,together with strategies for practitioners to harness communities’ commitment to their children’s best interests by abandoning. The writers contend that social workers,child welfare and health professionals inWestern countries should be equipped to assist residents from practising communities to recognise the harm,change attitudes and practices,and together ensure the protection of their girls from this form of abuse Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study identified areas where practitioners can strengthen their knowledge and skills for practice in this sensitive context. Practitioners should be informed about FGM/C and the contexts in which it may be practised,be critically self-aware and able to engage inter-culturally; be respectful in developing collaborative relationships with cultural mediators and communities; and be inclusive in facilitating settlement processes to help migrants to participate and integrate into new societies. Acknowledging the shared commitment to children’s best interests between practitioners and practising communities could enhance their capacity to embrace abandonment of FGM/C. Practitioners,organizations and government departments should take up these challenges and work to ensure that no more girls are subjected to FGM/C Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Inconsistent Reporting of Female Genital Cutting Status in Northern Ghana: Explanatory Factors and Analytical Consequences (2003)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Elizabeth F. Jackson,Patricia Akweongo,Evelyn Sakeah,Abraham Hodgson,Rofina Asuru,James F. Phillips FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examines the determinants of inconsistent self-reporting of circumcision status by comparing women’s self-reported status from survey responses in 1995 with repeat-interview re- sponses in 2000 for a sample population living in a rural area of northern Ghana,where the practice of female genital cutting has been the subject of legislation and informational campaigns. Study Population: Women aged 15 to 49  Findings: The self-reported circumcision status of women interviewed in 1995 was compared with the status they reported when they were interviewed again in 2000 after the government began enforcing a law banning the practice and public information campaigns against it were launched. In all,13 percent of respondents who reported in 1995 that they had been circumcised stated that they had not been circumcised in the 2000 reinterview; this inconsistency reached 50 percent for the youngest age group. Analysis shows that women who said they had not been circumcised are significantly younger,more likely to be educated,and less likely to practice traditional religion than are women who reported that they were circumcised. Women’s denial of having experienced female genital cutting occurred in a setting where social support for the practice is eroding,interventions are taking place,laws against the practice are being enforced,and informational campaigns have been launched. Denial of being circumcised in women’s self-reports may spuriously inflate estimates of the impact of such interventions. Results of this analysis attested to the need for greater attention to methodological problems in research on female genital cutting. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Ghana Source

Incontinence and trauma: sexual violence,female genital cutting and proxy measures of gynecological fistula (2009)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Peterman Amber,Kiersten Johnson FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Sexual. Objective: To examine the co-occurrence of incontinence and two potential sources of trauma: sexual violence and female genital cutting  Study Population: Women Findings: The study found out that there was no evidence that female genital cutting contributes to incontinence and this finding was robust for types of cutting and high risk samples. Results pointed to the importance of reinforcing prevention programs which sought to address prevention of sexual violence and for the integration of services to better serve women experiencing both sexual violence and incontinence Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Malawi,Rwanda,Uganda,Ethiopia Source

Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome among Somali immigrants in Washington state (2005)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): E. Blair Johnson,Susan D. Reed,Jane Hitti and Maneesh Batra FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretic. Objective: To compare maternal and neonatal morbidity among Somali immigrants,US-born blacks and whites in Washington state Study Population: Somali,black and white pregnant women living in Washington state Findings: Five hundred seventy-nine pregnancies from Somali women were compared with 2384 and 2435 pregnancies from black and white women,respectively. Nulliparous Somali women were more likely to have a cesarean delivery than black or white control women,OR 1.6 (95% CI,1.1-2.3) and 2.0 (95% CI,1.4-2.8),respectively. Among all women who had cesarean deliveries,Somali women more commonly had cesarean deliveries associated with fetal distress and failed induction of labor. They were 9 times more likely than both control groups to deliver after 42 weeks gestation,and 4 times more likely than black women and 8 times more likely than white women to have oligohydramnios. Somali women were more likely to have gestational diabetes and significant perineal lacerations,and less likely to smoke. Newborns of Somali women were at increased risk for prolonged hospitalization,lower 5-minute Apgar scores,assisted ventilation,and meconium aspiration. Study concluded that Somali immigrants were a high-risk subpopulation. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source