How experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision vary according to age on arrival in Britain: a study among young Somalis in London (2004)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Linda A. Morison , Ahmed Dirir , Sada Elmi , Jama Warsame,Shamis Dirir FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the association between age on arrival in Britain and experiences and attitudes relating to female circumcision among young,single Somalis living in London. Study Population: Single male and female Somalis aged 16–22 years  Findings: The result showed that living in Britain from a younger age appeared to be associated with abandonment of female circumcision and with changes in the underlying beliefs on sexuality,marriage and religion that underpin it. Groups identified with more traditional views towards female circumcision include males,older generations,new arrivals and those who show few signs of social assimilation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom Source

September 8, 2023

How Has The Journey to Womanhood Affected Female Somali Immigrants. (2017)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wambua,A. M. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: How does the practice of firaun affect or shape Somali women’s experiences in a small Midwestern town in Minesota Study Population: Somali women living in Minesota Findings: Experiences differ. Not all Somali women are the same. They don’t have the same profile, and there is no generalized belief that can label all women. Each woman prepared for the practice of circumcision differently and had different experiences that have brought them to have very unique lives and viewpoints toward the practice of FGM/C. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source

How the methods used to eliminate foot binding in China can be employed to eradicate female genital mutilation (2012)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ann-Marie Wilson FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Eliminate foot binding. Objective: Elimination of foot binding and applied to the eradication of FGM. A model is created to identify the features which are most likely to lead to success Study Population: The Navrongo FGM experiment in Ghana, IntraHealth’s five-dimensional approach in Ethiopia,Tostan’s community empowerment program in somalia. Findings: Case study 1 uses two educational sub-components of the anti-foot binding model,namely the ‘advantages of not binding’ (B1) (paralleled with drama and songs) and the ‘disadvantages of binding’ (B2) (paralleled with anti-FGM videos). Only one aspect of anti-FGM good practice is present,namely ‘supporting the environment of change’ (f) through training. This case study scores 25% (3/12). Case study 2 uses one sub-component of the anti-foot binding model,namely ‘rest of the world does not’ (C1) (paralleled with government officials being sensitised). It also uses two aspects of the anti-FGM good practice,namely ‘public affirmation of abandonment’ (d) and ‘supporting the environment of change’ (f) through NGO involvement. This case study scores 25% (3/12). Case study 3 uses all six sub-components of the anti-foot binding model: ‘a public pledge’ (A1),‘creating an intermarrying village critical mass to pledge marriages’ (A2),against FGM/STIs etc. (B1),‘education via 200 sessions on health’ (B2),‘by consciousness raising’ (C1),and ‘reflecting issues but in sensitive language to avoid shame’ (C2) (adapted for a Muslim not Asian culture). This case also achieves all anti-FGM good practice aspects,namely ‘care over language’ (a),‘problem-solving training’ (b),‘community ownership’ (c),‘affirming organisation does well in reducing FGM it can still benefit from focusing on the ‘benefits to health’ rather than the ‘FGM is wrong’ approach (Cassman 2007) whilst continually adding new learning initiatives such as training adolescents and those slower to abandon FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa Country(ies):Somalia,Ghana,Ethiopia Source

How the methods used to eliminate foot binding in China can be employed to eradicate female genital mutilation (2013)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wilson Ann-Marie FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To analyse elimination of foot binding and apply to the eradication of FGM. A model is created to identify the features which are most likely to lead to success. Three case studies taken from Somalia,Ghana,and Ethiopia are assessed against the success criteria for the eradication of foot binding. Conclusions and recommendations are drawn for future work in the stand against FGM. Study Population: None Findings: There are considerable parallels between Cha´nzu´ and FGM as shown in this study,with eight key identical elements (they are performed on girls,they give rise to pain and ill-health,this pain has significant duration,there is a possibility of fatality,sexuality of the female is controlled,they were/are used to achieve an aesthetic appeal,they were/are accepted with little dissent,and they are done without the recipient’s consent). Lessons have been drawn from how the elimination of a thousand years of Cha´nzu´ was achieved. Cha´nzu´ was extensive in 1889,yet by 1907 it had all but disappeared. The small group of people who led this dramatic change possessed the insight to understand the mechanics of perpetuating knowledge in a way that enabled its end. The experiential impact of such efforts cannot be underestimated. The opportunity now exists for national and international communities to eradicate FGM for the tens of millions of girls and women in around 40 countries using the key findings of field studies,such as this research. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Human rights for women: the ethical and legal discussion about Female Genital Mutilation in Germany in comparison with other Western European countries (2010)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Krása K FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To compare legislative and ethical practices within the medical profession concerning female genital mutilation (FGM) in Western European countries Study Population: Relied on legislation articles Findings: There are considerable differences in the number of affected women and in legislation and guidelines. For example,in France,Great Britain and Austria FGM/C is included in the criminal code as elements of crime,whereas in Germany and Switzerland FGM/C is brought to trial as bodily injury. So far trials only in France and Switzerland in connection with FGM/C resulted in convictions. France and Great Britain as former Colonial countries serve as an example of countries with a comparably great number of African immigrants. These countries have the best possibilities to intervene preventatively,due to legislation and detailed medical guidelines. For instance,an obligation exists in France to inform administrative and medical authorities if FGM is suspected. FGM so far is not explicitly part of the curriculum for medical training in any of the examined countries Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe,Southern Europe,Northern Europe Country(ies):Austria,Belgium,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,United Kingdom Source

I knew how it feels but couldn’t save my daughter; testimony of an Ethiopian mother on female genital mutilation/cutting (2017)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Adinew,Y. M.,& Mekete,B. T. FGM/C Type(s): III Health area of focus: None. Objective: The aim of this testimony was to hear in one woman’s own words,what the experience of FGM/C was for the mother of a recently circumcised daughter who suffered excessive blood loss following the procedure. Study Population: Woman Findings: The study participant described a range of experiences she had during her own and her daughter’s circumcision. Three themes emerged from the woman’s description: womanhood,social pressure and stigmatization of uncircumcised women and uncertain future. Even though the national prevalence may show a decline,FGM/C is still practiced underground. Thus,anti-FGM/C interventions shall consider elders influence and incorporate a human rights approach rather than relying merely on the dire health consequences. Further exploration of the determinants of FGM/C on a wider scale is recommended. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

I knew how it feels but couldn’t save my daughter; Testimony of an Ethiopian mother on female genital mutilation/cutting. (2017)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Adinew,Y. M.,& Mekete,B. T. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: This personal testimony is presented using woman’s own words. Study Population: 1 woman whose daughter underwent FGM Findings: The study participant described a range of experiences she had during her own and her daughter’s circumcision. Three themes emerged from the woman’s description: womanhood,social pressure and stigmatization of uncircumcised women and uncertain future Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

If you go into the Bondo Society,they will honour and respect you. Research on Female Genital Mutilation in Freetown,Sierra Leone (2016)

This study is a Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation and Research (PEER) regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): FORWARD (Foundation for Women’s Health,Research and Development) FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To documents the results of participatory research,carried out with young women at risk of or affected by FGM in Freetown,Sierra Leone. Study Population: Girls Findings: FORWARD has achieved great success in establishing clubs and networks for girls at risk of,or affected by FGM. Clubs and networks provide members with information,skills,services and support from their PEERs and relevant professionals. in the choice for them to undergo FGM. More commonly the decision is made by their family members,with significant pressure from their communities. Initiation into the Bondo Society is regarded as a crucial aspect of maintaining culture,tradition and identity. The Bondo Society is viewed as “women’s business” and men are prohibited from talking about or interfering in the society’s work. Elder women in the girl’s family are frequently responsible for making the decision for their daughter to undergo FGM,as part of their implicit responsibility for the continuation of tradition and culture. Despite being labelled “women’s business”,gender inequality explains the cause and continuation of FGM. This PEER has shown that fathers are one of the key drivers behind child marriage,of which Bondo initiation and FGM are a necessary precursor. Community members perceive men as preferring to marry girls who have undergone FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Immediate health consequences of female genital mutilation (2014)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Berg RC,Underland V FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To document the injuries that occur during FGM/C procedure and /or shortly after the procedure Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study found that the most common immediate complications of FGM/C were: pain,excessive bleeding,swelling,problems with wound healing,urinary retention. Girls and women who are subjected to FGM/C often had more than one immediate complication. There were few differences in risk of immediate complications between the different types of FGM/C,but it seemed that there was a greater risk of immediate complications in women with FGM type III (infibulation) compared with types I-II Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Impact of a communication programme on female genital cutting in eastern Nigeria (2006)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Babalola Stella,Angela Brasington,Ada Agbasimalo,Anna Helland,Edith Nwanguma,Nkechi Onah FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To describes a female genital cutting (FGC) elimination communication programme in Enugu State and assesses its impact in changing relevant knowledge,attitudes and behavioural intentions. Study Population: Women,Men Findings: The data showed that while the pertinent ideational factors and the intention not to perform FGC either worsened or remained stagnant in Ebonyi State,they improved significantly in Enugu State. The logistic regression results showed that programme exposure was associated with the expected improvements in all the pertinent indicators Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source