Health sector involvement in the management of female genital mutilation/cutting in 30 countries (2018)

This study is a Cross-sectional research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Johansen,R. E. B.,Ziyada,M. M.,Shell-Duncan,B.,Adriana Marcusàn Kaplan,A. M.,& Leye,E. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study aimed at presenting an overview of the current status of the involvement of the health sector in national plans on FGM/C in 30 countries Study Population: Relied on countries Findings: The level of the health sectors’ involvement varied considerably across and within countries. Systematic training of healthcare providers (HCP) was more prevalent in countries of origin,whereas involvement of HCP in the prevention of FGM/C was more prevalent in countries of migration. Most countries reported to forbid HCP from conducting FGM/C on both minors and adults,but not consistently forbidding re-infibulation. Availability of healthcare services for girls and women with FGM/C related complications also varied between countries dependent on the type of services. Deinfibulation was available in almost all countries,while clitoral reconstruction and psychological and sexual counselling were available predominantly in countries of migration and then in less than half the countries. Finally,systematic recording of FGM/C in medical records was completely lacking in countries of origin and very limited in countries of migration. Substantial progress has been made in the involvement of the health sector in both the treatment and prevention of FGM/C. Still,there are several areas in need for improvement,particularly monitoring and evaluation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

September 8, 2023

Healthcare for Women and Girls Who Have Been Subjected to Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) (2020)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): S Akhavan FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: obstretics,gynaecological,plastic surgery and psychosexual consulting. Objective: to survey the number of women and girls who were exposed to FGM/C and sought care during 2012 – 2018 and also what type of care measure they have been offered. Study Population: women and girls who have been subjected to FGM/C. Findings: The care offered in Sweden today varies can be categorized as obstetric care,gynecological care,consulting,vulva plastic surgery,and other vulva or perineum reconstruction. The results showed that there were about 5,000 women and girls diagnosed with FGM/C who have sought care between 2012 and 2018. They mostly sought care and offered care in connection to pregnancy and childbirth. The number of girls and women who have been exposed to FGM/C and sought care and received a diagnosis is lower among girls under 18 and women over 40 Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):Sweden Source

Hegemonic Masculinity Attitudes Toward Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among a Sample of College Students in Northern and Southern Sierra Leone (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Small,E.,Sharma,B. B.,Nikolova,S. P.,& Tonui,B. C. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of education on hegemonic masculinity attitudes between male and female students and whether parental education differentiated the groups Study Population: University students Findings: Education did not change the attitudes of students toward FGM/C; however,parental education had an influence on both male and female students’ attitudes toward FGM/C Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Helpdesk Research Report: International Instruments and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ann Kangas FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To outlines the main international instruments,including some of the specific articles from each,which can be used to combat FGM/C Study Population: Not stated Findings: In addition to legislation and effective mechanisms to uphold the law,challenges remain in many countries to change social acceptance of the practice. This needs to be addressed by increasing information about the harmful effects of FGM/C and to address the underlying discriminatory norms that underlie harmful traditional practices,which aim to control women and girls. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Hidden History,Embedded Reality: A Cultural Study of Sexual Violence on Girls in contemporary Malawi (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Eirin Førsund FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To determine the relationship between culture and sexual violence and to explore possible explanations to sexual violence within the given cultural context. Study Population: Community members,key informants Findings: Based on information collected and fieldwork conducted there was much evidence that suggested there were traditionally embedded sexual messages in Malawian society that tolerated boys and men to pursue girls for sex. This evidence was exposed in a number of ways. Particularly,sexual training during initiation,sexually provocative traditional singing and dancing,and unequal gender relations leads to myths of children as willing sex partners,which further legitimise child-adult sex. Because girls were largely portrayed in a sexual way and as partners for marriage they were vulnerable to exploitation,however,women’s own agency should not forgotten. FGM prepares victims for womanhood. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Malawi Source

Historical Analysis of the Role of Female Circumcision in the Construction of Gender Roles,Values and Relations among the Agikuyu People in Kenya (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Martha Wanjiru Muraya,Colomba Kaburi Muriungi FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: Examining the role of female circumcision in the construction of gender values,roles and relations among the Agikuyu people, to establish the historical factors contributing to reduction of female circumcision and the underlying reasons for its persistence in the community despite the effort to combat it Study Population: male and female,circumcisers,church leaders Findings: The persistence of the practice is due to its deeply rooted social perception and construction of identity and therefore a campaign against such a core cultural practice needs to be comprehensive and sustainable in the sense that enough time need to be taken to understand the underlying historical context,values,and meaning of the practice that goes beyond the physical operation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Historical Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and the Shift from Infíbulation to Clitoridectomy and Non- circumcision in Sudan (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Magied,Ahmed Abdel. FGM/C Type(s): I,III Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To authenticate the truth behind the afore said hypothesis and speculations Study Population: Daughters,grandmothers and mothers Findings: In the families of low socio-economic status,98% of the grandmothers and 83% of the mothers were circumcised,compared to 42.6% of the daughters. On the other hand,only 2% of the grandmothers and 17% of the mothers were uncircumcised,compared to 57.1% of the daughters. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Sudan Source

HIV/AIDS and female genital mutilation in the Somali’s nomads of eastern Ethiopia: a discussion paper (2006)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Omar M, Mohamed K FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To discuss the possible relationship in terms of health risk between HIV/AIDS and FGM in the Horn of Africa and call for more concerted efforts,including further research in order to address this potential risk Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Different factors also play a significant role in the perpetuation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region,such as lack of awareness,misconception about the routes of HIV transmission and ways of prevention,the practice of polygamy,and widow inheritance. Pervasive poverty and recurrent famine also fuel the FGM epidemic. Lack of official pastoralist-specific policy and strategy on HIV and FGM/ C further complicates the problem Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Geremew,T.T.,Azage,M. & Mengesha,E.W FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study aimed to explore the spatial pattern and factors affecting FGM/C among girls in Ethiopia. Study Population: The study population of this study were all girls aged 0–14 years in the randomly selected enumeration areas (EAs) of Ethiopia. Girls from the EAs with no geographical coordinates were excluded from this study. Findings: Spatial clustering of FGM/C was observed (Moran’s I = 0.31, p-value

How do women who are at risk of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) experience the Asylum process in the United Kingdom (UK)? – A study from the perspective of legal representatives (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Sarah Bidgoli FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore how women experience the asylum process in the UK as potential victims of FGM Study Population: Women Findings: The findings of this research represented that Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR),which states “No-one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”1 does not protect these women who fear persecution in their country of origin. This human right is arguably breached when a female is at risk of FGM against her will. The ECHR is an international treaty,which protects human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Moreover,only a limited number of women who are at risk of FGM have been granted refugee status. The findings of this research signify that this is due to the fact that these women face difficulties in proving the genuine nature of their claim as well as providing sufficient evidence. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom Source