Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria: A Persisting Challenge for Women’s Rights (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research,Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Yaya,S. & Ghose,B. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study aimed to report on the prevalence of FGM,women’s attitude towards this practice,and its association with selected sociodemographic factors. Study Population: Married women aged between 15 and 49 years Findings: The prevalence of FGM was 38.9 percent (95 percent CI = 36.4–40.1) overall,and 17.4 percent among their daughters (95 percent CI = 15.4–20.1). Compared to 2003,there has been a notable increase in the prevalence of FGM in 2013. Respondents who had themselves been circumcised were more likely to circumcise their daughters. In each of the three surveys,traditional practitioners conducted nearly all circumcisions. Age,area and region of residence,religious affiliation,educational status,and household wealth found to be significant predictors of FGM in the regression analysis. In Nigeria,FGM continues to be widespread,with a rising number of women undergoing the procedure. Significant regional and socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence were discovered,which require immediate governmental attention. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

September 8, 2023

Female Genital Mutilation in Rural regions of Iraqi Kurdistan. (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): D Abdula,B Sedo,A Dawson FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: none. Objective: to determine the prevalence of FGM on females living in the rural areas. To assess the attitudes towardsFGMof mothers,village community elders and religious leaders. To compare the prevalence of FGM by marternal education. Study Population: mothers,girls,community leaders and religious leaders. Findings: 2361 of 5048(46.8%) daughters had experienced FGM,of 1643 mothers,565(34.4%) supported FGM for their daughters in the future,although 825 of 1652(49.9%)mothers were aware that it is illegal. 86 of 192(44.8%) mullahs and 339 of 382(88.7%)mokhtars supported abandonment of FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Almeer H H,Almulla A A,Almugahwi A A,et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This systematic review was conducted to highlight the prevalence and practice of FGM in Saudi Arabia Study Population: N/A Findings: The PRISMA flowchart was followed to identify relevant articles. A total of 34 items/articles (records) were identified using the search terms,and 13 retrievable articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review.The results indicated that FGM can still be found in Saudi Arabia both in Saudi women and non-Saudi residents. Most of the non-Saudi women with FGM were Sudanese,Somali,Eritrean,and Egyptian. FGM is prevalent in regions such as Jeddah and Hali,Al Qunfudhah Governorate,Saudi Arabia. FGM is considered illegal in most countries around the world. However,in Saudi Arabia,there is no clear and specific law against the practice of FGM. More research on the practice of FGM in Saudi Arabia needs to be conducted to get a better grasp of the true nature of the problem in the country,which could potentially lead to specific and clear legislation that would prevent the social evil of FGM in Saudi Arabia. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Saudi Arabia Source

Female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Bjälkander,Owolabi FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This thesis aims to provide knowledge on the effects and experiences of girls and women,and the views of adolescent boys,about FGM which is performed within the initiation ceremony of the Bondo Society in Sierra Leone Study Population: women and girls,Adolescent boys Findings: Most of the decisions (65.1%) for FGM were made by females,with males deciding in 30.7% cases. Although the operation of FGM is performed mainly by traditional excisors,medicalization was reported in 13.2% of cases. FGM-related health complications were reported by 84.5% of the 258 respondents,the most common ones being bleeding,delay in or incomplete healing,and tenderness. Fever was reported by 46%,suggesting a more severe infection,but significantly more often among pre-pubertal girls. A total of 85.8% of those with FGM-related health complications sought treatment. A total of 47.6% received treatment from a traditional healer; 40.1% from a traditional excisor; and 8.6% from a nurse. Three forms of FGM were identified: type Ib (31.7%),type IIb (64.1%); and type IIc (4.2%). Results from logistic regression analysis for the outcome variable FGM showed that increasing number of previous pregnancies,rural residency,religion (Islam),being married and illiterate are factors associated with higher prevalence of FGM. There was a high level of agreement between reported and observed results for FGM status – 99%. However,respondents could not accurately describe the cutting extent,and we found that the DHS FGM module responses were not reliable for determining FGM type. Most adolescent boys (69.6%) considered Bondo a bad practice because of FGM,whilst some considered Bondo good because it is the culture and safeguards against stigmatization. A third of boys reported that girls face complications from FGM such as bleeding,fainting and death. The majority of boys (61.4%,n=43) would marry a non-Bondo member because they are viewed as more healthy and pleasant to have sex with Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: A Phenomenological Study of the Experience of Abandonment (2015)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Lionello Anna M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To investigate the experience of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) abandonment among women in Sierra Leone. Study Population: Women and local coalition that works to eradicate harmful practices Findings: The findings also revealed the difficulties in their experience due to shunning. However,the need for support prompted them to find friendship among other abandoners,which helped them cope with the social difficulties. Through a focus-group interview,the second group confirmed a difficult experience among abandoners. By continuing to raise awareness to abandonment stories and by supporting women who abandon the practice,these abandoners can further pave the way toward FGM abandonment in Sierra Leone. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Female genital mutilation in sierra leone: forms,reliability of reported status,and accuracy of related demographic and health survey questions (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Owolabi Bjälkander,Donald S. Grant,Vanja Berggren,Heli Bathija,Lars Almroth FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To determine forms of female genital mutilation (FGM),assess consistency between self-reported and observed FGM status,and assess the accuracy of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) FGM questions in Sierra Leone. Study Population: Females Findings: All participants reported FGM status; 4 refused genital inspection. Using the WHO classification of FGM,31.7% had type Ib; 64.1% type IIb; and 4.2% type IIc. There was a high level of agreement between reported and observed FGM prevalence (81.2% and 81.4%,resp.). There was no correlation between DHS FGM responses and anatomic extent of cutting,as 2.7% reported pricking; 87.1% flesh removal; and 1.1% that genitalia was sewn closed. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: who are the decision makers? (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Bjälkander Owolabi,Bailah Leigh,Grace Harman,Staffan Bergström,and Lars Almroth FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Medicalization. Objective: To identify decision makers for FGM and determine whether medicalization takes place in Sierra Leone Study Population: Girls between 10 and 20 years Findings: The average age of the girls in this sample was 14 years,61% had undergone FGM at an average age of 7.7 years (range 1-18). Generally,decisions to perform FGM were made by women,but father was mentioned as the one who decided by 28% of the respondents. The traditional excisors (Soweis) performed 80% of all operations,health professionals 13%,and traditional birth attendants 6%. Men may play a more important role in the decision making process in relation to FGM than previously known. Authorities and health professionals’ associations need to consider how to prevent further medicalization of the practice Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Sierra Leone Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Southeast Nigeria: A survey on the current knowledge and practice (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ibekwe Perpetus C,Onoh Robinson C,Onyebuchi Azubike K,Ezeonu Paul O,Ibekwe Rosemary O FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To reviews the current knowledge and practice of FGM in Southeast Nigeria. Study Population: Women Findings: A high percentage was aware of FGM,and the problem associated with it was 91 and 72%,respectively. Half of the respondents (49.6%) were genitally mutilated while almost the same number (47.7%) affirmed that FGM is still practised today. Eighty – two percent do not support FGM but were not doing anything about it and 36% were not aware of any problem associated with FGM. The prevalence rate of FGM of 50% is high. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation in Sudan (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Elduma,A. H. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: This study aimsto determine the female genital mutilation (FGM) and its associated factors in Sudan Study Population: Women in Sudan Findings: The practice of female genital mutilation is spread all over the country. Poor women with lowlevel of education are at high risk for this phenomenon. More efforts have to be provided to end this dangerous The prevalence of female circumcision was 89%. Women who had circumcised daughters were 32.1 %. The highest prevalence of FGM was reported from South Kordofan state with 7.8%,and lowest was in Red Sea state(7.6%). A significant association was observed between circumcised women and their marital status,daughter circumcision,and the level of education. : Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Sudan Source

Female genital mutilation in Switzerland: a survey among gynaecologists (2002)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Jager F,Sylvie Schulze,and Patrick Hohlfeld FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Gynaecological. Objective: To evaluate the situation of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Switzerland. Study Population: gynaecologists Findings: Among Swiss gynaecologists,20% reported having been confronted with patients presenting with FGM and among them 40% had been asked about reinfibulation. Gynaecologists are occasionally asked about the possibility of performing FGMs in Switzerland. No activity concerning FGM had been reported by health authorities in the Cantons. Teaching about FGM was not included in the curriculum of any of the Swiss medical schools. There was approximately 6,700 girls who were at risk and women who had undergone FGM live in Switzerland. The study concluded that the extent to which gynaecologists were confronted with FGM issues justified further action to try to better understand the situation in Switzerland. Improvement of care by better education of health care providers (guidelines) and prevention of new cases by women’s education was also recommended for consideration Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe Country(ies):Switzerland Source