Female Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan: Description and Associated Factors (2013)

This study is a Correlation research regarding I FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s):  Saleem,Rozhgar A.; Othman,Nasih; Fattah,Fattah H.; Hazim,Luma; Adnan,Berivan FGM/C Type(s): I Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: The study was undertaken to estimate its prevalence and describe factors associated with its occurrence. Study Population: Women Findings: Overall female genital mutilation prevalence was 23%,and the mean age at which it had been performed was 4.6 years (SD 2.4). Type I (partial or total removal of the clitoris) comprised 76% of those who had had female genital mutilation; in 79% of cases the decision to perform it was made by the mother; and in 54% of cases it was performed by traditional birth attendants/midwives. Women aged 16 years and over were more likely to have had female genital mutilation compared to children aged below 6 years (OR 11.9,p < .001). Children of uneducated mothers were eight times as likely to have had genital mutilation compared to children of mothers with over nine years of education (OR 8.0,p < .001). Among women aged 17 years and younger,34% of those who were married had been circumcised versus 17% of those who were not married (p < .001). Participants residing in the northeast of Kurdistan region were more likely to have been circumcised. The study results show that female genital mutilation is a frequent practice in Iraqi Kurdistan. Attention and intervention is needed to address this aspect of the well-being of girls and women Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Iraq Source

September 8, 2023

Female genital mutilation in iraqi: An empirical study in Kirkuk province (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,II,III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wadi – Association for Crisis Assistance and Development Co-operation FGM/C Type(s): I,II,III Health area of focus: None. Objective: To present an empirical study exploring the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in an Iraq region Study Population: Women Findings: The study found that 72% of the respondents said they were mutilated,about half referred to it as a religious duty. Results varied in different regions with the lowest prevalence in Arbil of 63% and the highest in Garmyan with 81%. While in Arbil and Suleymania most cases reported type I FGM,in Garmyan type II and type III were most common Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Iraq Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya – a literature review (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Sarah Cheserem FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To describe the harmful effects of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya and to find alternative ways and approaches that will substitute the practice of female genital mutilation in Kenya. Study Population: Not stated Findings: Finding an alternative rites approach for encouraging abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya was an uphill task because many people living in rural areas cannot understand why this practise has to be stopped. Long-term complications are associated more often with infibulation than with clitoridectomy alone,because of interference with the drainage of urine and menstrual blood. Introduction of early education has also enabled people to get rid of the complications associated with Female Genital Mutilation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: are young men allies in social change programmes? (Not specified)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Eleanor Brown,Faith Mwangi-Powell,Miriam Jerotich,Victoria le May FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To understand young men’s (18-25 years) perceptions of FGM,demand for FGM among future spouses,and perceptions of efforts to end FGM in a small town in West Pokot,Kenya Study Population: Young men (18-25 years) Findings: Our findings showed that young men viewed themselves as valuable allies in ending FGM,but that voicing their opposition to the practice was often difficult. More efforts are needed by multi-stakeholders – campaigners,government and local leaders – to create an enabling environment to voice that opposition. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: are young men allies in social change programmes?. (2016)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Brown,E.,Mwangi-Powell,F.,Jerotich,M.,& le May,V. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to understand young men’s (18-25 years) perceptions of FGM,demand for FGM among future spouses,and perceptions of efforts to end FGM in a small town in West Pokot,Kenya Study Population: Young men 18-25 Findings: Young men viewed themselves as valuable allies in ending FGM,but that voicing their opposition to the practice was often difficult. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Female genital mutilation in light of Polish criminal law (2015)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Banasik K FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine whether women are appropriately protected against female genital mutilation under Polish criminal law,in particular,whether a special criminal offence should be created. Study Population: The international legal acts,reports and other online available data related to female genital mutilation Findings: In Poland,there is no special legislation on female genital mutilation. However,female genital mutilation is punishable under general criminal law provisions. Female genital mutilation is a criminal offence and can be prosecuted as a form of grievous bodily injury or as a form of bodily injury and impairment to health. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Europe Country(ies):Poland Source

Female genital mutilation in Malta (2015)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE) FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To provide in-depth analysis about the issue in Malta Study Population: Healthcare Professionals Findings: The study highlighted that health care professionals in Malta had limited exposure to transcultural health education and training,including FGM/C Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Malta Source

Female genital mutilation in Nassarawa Eggon community,Nasarawa State – Nigeria (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Nalah Augustine Bala FGM/C Type(s): III Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the rationale for and the consequences of the practice in establishing the differences in the level of promiscuity,sexual satisfaction,medical and adverse physical level between the circumcised (x) and uncircumcised (y),particularly in Nassarawa Eggon,Nasarawa state-Nigeria Study Population: Women Findings: The findings of the study revealed that the major causes and reasons of female circumcision are problems relating to the cultural orientation,religious belief,social and medical reasons. It argued that the incidence of the practice should be reduced and that policy directed towards this aim should be an integral part of other development policies. Since women’s gender identity is at stake,women should be actively involved in formulating and implementing the necessary policies. Their involvement is one of the main prerequisites for progress in the abolition of infibulation and the maintenance of smooth development of psychological thought and personality development Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation in Nigeria (2003)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Mandara M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To determine the prevalence and distribution of female genital mutilation (FGM) procedures in a Nigerian population Study Population: Women Findings: Thirty-four percent of women were found to have some type of FGM/C. Type I and Type II procedures were the most common. Fifty-five percent of women were unaware they had FGM and 62% with FGM/C did not know the reason. Twenty-one percent of women said they were going to have FGM/C on their daughters Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria: A Brief Sociological Review (2018)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Chukwuka,O. O. A. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This paper is aimed at developing an insight into a preventable societal issue: the female genital mutilation (FGM),using sociological theories to explore its justifications. Study Population: Relied on Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey,2013. Findings: FGM is historically prevalent in Nigeria’s culture and traditions. In many cultures,it is viewed as a rite of passage or initiation into femininity,as it consists of a period of education and seclusion regarding the obligations of a wife. The World Health Organization (WHO),UNICEF,the Economic Commission for Africa (FIGO),and numerous other organizations are addressing the issue of female genital mutilation in Nigeria. The public at all levels has received a heightened education emphasizing the dangers and undesirability of Female Genital Mutilation. The 1995 Beijing Platform of Action aimed for the eradication of female genital mutilation through implementing legislation against its offenders. However,there is no such law against FGM in Nigeria. This may continue to be one of the reasons why FGM control in the country is progressing so slowly. Female genital mutilation is a multidimensional issue that the biological model should not overlook. It has strong religious,cultural,and traditional roots. Therefore,in order to reduce this practice in Nigeria at the state,municipal,and federal levels,the government should enforce laws that serve as a deterrent to those who engage in it. Prior to this,other employment opportunities should be provided for them,as the majority of them rely on this activity for their livelihood. In order to raise awareness of the health risks associated with female genital mutilation,especially in rural regions,it is necessary to employ campaigns with a deeper meaning,such as theatre. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source