Female genital mutilation in Djibouti (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Martinelli M.,and Jamie E. Ollé-Goig FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To review situation in Djibouti,a small country in the Horn of Africa,where 98 % of the female population had suffered different forms of FGM/C. Study Population: Djibouti Nationals Findings: FGM/C was almost universal among women in Djibouti (98.8 %) and that 68 % of them had been subjected to type III mutilation Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Djibouti Source

September 8, 2023

Female Genital Mutilation in Eastern Ethiopia (2000)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Missailidis K, Gebre-Medhin M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the incidence of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Harrar,eastern Ethiopia Study Population: Women Findings: The result showed that the predominant types of FGM are clitoridectomy and excision,but infibulation is also practiced by some ethnic groups in the southeast. It was shown that the Adere and the Oromo perform FGM on women aged 4 years to puberty,while the Amhara perform it on the 8th day following birth. Both the Adere and Oromo practice infibulation,and the Amhara practice excision and clitoridectomy. Although the practice of FGM is widespread,signs of change of the practice are evident. However,these signs do not mean that the FGM problem is solved. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt (2013)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Nissrin Hoffmann FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To identify if the practice of FGM/C is rooted in Egypt as a cultural practice or as a religious practice Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study concluded that he practice of FGM/C in Egypt has come to be regarded as a socially acceptable practice within the country and is regarded as an important factor in the lives of many Egyptians. These societies who perform the practice tend to view the practice as a religious obligation mainly related to the Islamic religion,which is the most prevalent religion in the country of Egypt Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Female Genital Mutilation in England and Wales: Updated statistical estimates of the numbers of affected women living in England and Wales and girls at risk (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Efua Dorkenoo,Alison Macfarlane FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To use data from surveys in FGM practising countries and from other sources to derive updated proxy estimates of the prevalence of FGM among women born in the FGM practising countries and among their daughters. To apply these to data collected at birth registration in England and Wales to produce updated and more reliable estimates of: Numbers of women with FGM living in England and Wales and in each local authority area giving birth each year from 2000 to 2011. And Numbers of daughters born to women born in FGM-practising countries resident in England and Wales and in each local authority area and numbers at risk of FGM. Study Population: To derive these estimates,data about the prevalence of FGM were derived from reports of household interview surveys in the countries in which it is practised. Demographic data about women born in these countries and girls born to them were derived from the 2011 census and from birth registration. Findings: This interim report shows that the numbers of women with FGM have increased since 2001,especially due to migration from countries in conflict. The substantial proportion of the increase which is among women from countries where FGM is nearly universal or prevalence is very high supports the need for action. Recommendations for urgent action have been set out in the recent report from the House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee and in the Intercollegiate recommendations for identifying,recording and reporting FGM,set out in the report Tackling FGM in the UK. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom Source

Female genital mutilation in Europe: an analysis of court cases (2015)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Johnsdotter S,Mestre i Mestre R FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore the legal aspects of existing court cases,focusing on recent ones,and to assess evidence about transnational movement to have FGM carried out. In other words,address the general legal context or framework to fight FGM,and briefly analyses the impact that the embracing of the due diligence standard could have,as a consequence of the signature of the Istanbul Convention by all the countries in the report Study Population: Relied on legal cases Findings: The study found that the responses given by different countries to FGM/C were modelled by disparities of public prosecution systems in Europe. Calling upon state parties to apply the Istanbul Convention and accordingly modify existing provisions that limit their jurisdiction over FGM/C cases (art. 44) had an impact on such procedural disparities,although further research was needed in this area. The review of existing court cases showed the legal concepts of ‘error of prohibition’ and ‘neglect of care’ as novel approaches for both prosecution and prevention of FGM in Europe. As a consequence,the report pointed out that these aspects (due diligence,neglect of care,and error of prohibition) ought to be further explored in future discussions,not primarily for their potential to result in more criminal court cases of conviction,but because of their potential power as preventive tools Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe,Southern Europe,Northern Europe Country(ies):Austria,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Netherlands,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,United Kingdom Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Ghana: Prevalence and Socioeconomic Predictors (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Alhassan AR,Anyinzaam-Adolipore JN. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study is aimed at identifying the socioeconomic predictors of female genital mutilation in Ghana. Study Population: All women aged 15-49 years who were permanent occupants of selected households or visitors who stayed in selected households the night before the survey Findings: Overall FGM prevalence,this study recorded was 11.7%. The region with the highest (50.5%) prevalence was the Upper West Region. Area of residence predicted rural (,) Upper West/western Region (, ). In terms of ethnicity,the tribes that predicted FGM when compared with the Akan tribe were Guan (, ), Gruma (, ), Mole-Dagbani (, ), Grusi (, ), Mande (, ), and other tribes (, ). Women in the richest/poorest wealth index quintile (, ). Conclusion. The study prevalence of FGM is still high in the northern part of Ghana,and the predicted factors were residence region,ethnicity,educational level,and economic status. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Ghana Source

Female genital mutilation in Greece (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding I,II,III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Vrachnis N.,N. Salakos,C. Iavazzo,Z. Iliodromiti,K. Bakalianou,P. Kouiroukidou,and G. Creatsas FGM/C Type(s): I,II,III Health area of focus: Gynaecological,Psychological. Objective: To explore the characteristics and psychosexual issues of women with FGM who were examined in the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,University of Athens Medical School,Greece during the year 2009 Study Population: women with FGM Findings: The median age of the patients was 24.7 years old (19-31 years old),while the median age that FGM was performed was 4.9 years old (3-8 years old). Majority of women were married (86%) and were examined by an obstetrician for first time during their pregnancy. One,four and two women from the study group had undergone FGM type 1,2 and 3 respectively. None ever experienced orgasm during sexual intercourse. Additionally all of them face psychological problems Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Greece Source

Female genital mutilation in immigrant populations and cultural competency in health care providers in the United States: a systematic review (2014)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ihenacho Ijeoma FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Gynaecological,Obstetrics. Objective: To assess knowledge,attitudes and practices of health care providers in developed countries in relation to FGM; and 2.) to review literature on cultural competence of health professionals in order to explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing cultural competence for immigrant patient populations affected by FGM Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Three studies indicated a deficiency in health care professionals’ knowledge related to FGM/C,ten studies highlighted the deficiencies in practice related to FGM/C,and two showed a dearth in both knowledge and practice related to FGM/C. Eleven studies examined cultural competency,with three highlighting the relevance of cultural competency in health care,three indicating the importance of incorporating cultural competency in health practice,and five showing the effectiveness of applying cultural competence to health professionals’ training. A growing body of evidence indicated that interventions were effective in increasing cultural competency for health care providers working with immigrant populations. While research was limited on interventions aimed at increasing cultural competency in relation to FGM/C in particular,two studies from two countries indicated that health care providers’ knowledge and practice related to FGM/C could be positively enhanced Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital mutilation in infants and young girls: report of sixty cases observed at the general hospital of Abobo (Abidjan,Cote D’ivoire,West Africa) (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Plo K,Asse K,Seï D,Yenan J FGM/C Type(s): I,II Health area of focus: None. Objective: To describe the epidemiological aspects and clinical findings related to FGM in young patients Study Population: Women,Infants,Young girls Findings: The prevalence of FGM among our patients population was 15%. The main associated factors were as follows: women were the decision makers relative to FGM; in 97% of cases,it was a grandmother,mother,or aunt who initiated the operation. Their chief motivations encompassed chastity (100%) and esthetics (68%). The immediate complications,such as pain,fever,and minimal or incidental bleeding as short period of bleeding (if it is severe) could be catastrophic,were probably underestimated. Hemorrhages,infections,and death have been reported together with the posttraumatic stress disorders and memory problems Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Côte d’Ivoire Source

Female Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wadi (Association for Crisis Assistance and Development Co-operation) FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)1 in an Iraqi region beyond the KRG (Kurdish Regional Government) Region: Kirkuk Province. Study Population: Interviewees in the governorates of Arbi Findings: The result showed that the overall FGM rate in Kirkuk Governorate is 38.2% of the female population age 14 and older. 17.5% of the mutilations performed by Arabs are Type II (and 0.8% Type III),while it is “only” 6.2% among Kurds (and 0.9% Type III). Among Arabs and Kurds,the absolute numbers of mutilations Type II and III seem to be on an almost equal level,but the relative share of Type II and III mutilations among Arabs is much higher because they practice much less FGM (see 3.1.). A further analysis of the data reveals that daughters of Kurdish and Arab farmers underwent Type II more frequently than other groups (25%). Most girls are genitally mutilated around the age of five,but the age may vary between two and 12 years of age. Among Arabs it seems to be more common to do it later,around the age of ten. Approximately 80% of the women who had undergone FGM said that the cutting was done at home; 9% said it was done at the neighbour’s house. Medicalization of FGM in Kirkuk does not seem to have taken place since not a single woman reported that it was done in a hospital or health center. 77.3% of the FGM cases,the mother was said to have arranged for the procedure. Apart from the mother,only the grandmother (9.1%) and,still less frequently,aunts and other female family members were indicated Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Iraq Source