Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries (2006)

This study is a Correlation research regarding I,II,III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Banks E, Meirik O, Farley T, Akande O, Bathija H, Ali M FGM/C Type(s): I,II,III Health area of focus: Obstetric. Objective: To examine the effect of different types of FGM on obstetric outcome Study Population: Women Findings: The study found that compared with women without FGM,the adjusted relative risks of certain obstetric complications were,in women with FGM/C I,II,and III,respectively: caesarean section 1.03 (95% CI 0.88-1.21),1.29 (1.09-1.52),1.31 (1.01-1.70); postpartum haemorrhage. Women with FGM/C are significantly more likely than those without FGM/C to have adverse obstetric outcomes. Risks seem to be greater with more extensive FGM/C Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Northern Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso,Ghana,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,Sudan Source

September 8, 2023

Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): World Health Organization FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To measure the prevalence of genital cutting among schoolgirls in Egypt. Study Population: Girls Findings: In the study,the overall prevalence of genital cutting was reportedly 50.3% among girls in the age group 10–18 years. In rural schools,the prevalence rate was 61.7% compared to 46.2% in urban schools. In private urban schools the prevalence rate was very low (9.2%),a fact that the researchers attribute to differences in educational status between rural and urban areas. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Female genital mutilation and parent to child transmission of HIV: A case report of a possible double tragedy (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Biobele J. Brown,Regina Oladokun, Kikelomo Osinusi FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Transmission of HIV. Objective: Possible double tragedy ,FGM and transfusion with un screened blood constituted incremental risks for HIV infection Study Population: Case of a five-month-old female infant Findings: It may therefore be difficult to ascertain the exact source of infection. However,the early and rapid progression of HIV-related disease within six months of life suggests the symptomatology is more likely to have resulted from intrauterine infection than through circumcision. Transfusion-associated HIV from her father who was probably already infected is also a possible explanation for the clinical course since onset of AIDS is known to occur as early as four months posttransfusion Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance among women in sub-Saharan Africa. (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Seidu,AA.,Aboagye,R.G.,Sakyi,B. et al.  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the association between female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance in sub-Saharan Africa. Study Population: 57,994 women between the ages of 15 and 49. The association between female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance was investigated using both fixed and random effects models Findings: Female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance were found to be prevalent in 68.8% and 58.5% of women in sub-Saharan Africa,respectively. Women with a history of female genital mutilation had reduced odds of using skilled birth attendance (aOR = 0.91,95% CI = 0.86–0.96) than those who had not been circumcised. In Ethiopia,Guinea,Liberia,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,and Togo,women with female genital mutilation had reduced odds of having a trained delivery attendant compared to women in Burkina Faso.This study shed light on the link between female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance among sub-Saharan African women. The study’s findings provide relevant information to government agencies dealing with gender,children,and social protection,allowing them to design specific interventions to prevent female genital mutilation,which is linked to non-use of skilled birth attendance. Also,health education which focuses on childbearing women and their partners are necessary in enhancing awareness about the significance of skilled birth attendance and the health consequences of female genital mutilation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia,Guinea,Liberia,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,Togo,Burkina Faso,Sierra Leone,Mali Source

Female genital mutilation and the Swiss health care system (2003)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Clara Thierfelder FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: Objectives of this study were to analyse how immigrant women with FGM experience gynaecological/obstetrical care in the Swiss health care system,and to investigate if gynaecologists/obstetricians and midwives,those health care professionals most directly concerned,are apt to treat and counsel FGM related complications adequately Study Population: women,physicians and midwives Findings: The main FGM-related health complications that women from Somalia and Eritrea suffered from were a painful and prolonged menstruation,pain and reduced feelings during sexual intercourse. In Switzerland obstetric complications play a smaller role than in their countries of origin. Therefore,psychosexual complications become more prominent consequences of FGM. The concern of being different from women of the host society as FGM interferes with sexual pleasure,is a consequence that the migrant women face particularly. However,participants who had undergone FGM expressed a strong inter-individual variability with respect to sexual response. Generalisations that having undergone FGM leads to sexual indifference,are not based on evidence and might contribute to stigmatise women concerned. Consequently,the aspect of gynaecological/obstetrical care was found to be more challenging in terms of a culturally sensitive interpersonal interaction between women concerned and health care providers,than in relation to technical management of FGM. The following aspects of the consultation concluded to be critical: the reactions of several health care providers when first facing a mutilated vulva (FGM type III) ranged from disclosing shock in front of the patient to totally ignoring the condition of FGM. A complete medical history related to FGM,including probing for FGM related complications,was not performed in most cases. Particularly,the sexual and social complications were rarely discussed. Regarding prevention,only 8% of the participating health care providers systematically addressed the future of concerned women’s daughters. The issue of reinfibulation (re-establishment of infibulation or re-suturing the vulva after delivery to the antepartum state),a question specifically linked to obstetrical care of women with FGM type III,presents an ethical conflict for the gynaecologists/obstetricians and midwives. Ultimately all interviewed health care providers give priority to the wish of an adult patient and support partially re-suturing the vulva after delivery if requested Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe Country(ies):Switzerland Source

Female genital mutilation and the unborn female child in southwest Nigeria (2003)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ogunlola I,Orji E,and Owolabi A FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Prevalence. Objective: To assessing the risk of exposure to genital mutilation of an unborn female child and identifies people responsible for the decision to subject her to this harmful practice Study Population: pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Wesley Guild Hospital Hesa,Nigeria between July 2001 to October 2001.  Findings: The results show that 60% of the pregnant women studied had a type of genital mutilation. The decision to mutilate a female child was taken before she was born. Seventy-four (17.2%) of the women and 146 (34%) of their husbands would circumcise their female child. The decision to circumcise a female child was made between the husband and wife but the final decision came mainly from the husband. Because the majority of the women (58.4%) were yet to decide whether or not to circumcise their female children,they could away sway the decision either way before the husband makes up his mind. The study recommends that every effort should be taken to involve men in the struggle to eradicate FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female Genital Mutilation as a reason to obtain asylum in the European Union (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Kathrin A. Schwerdtfeger FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study aims to research Female Genital Mutilation asylum cases brought to the European Court of Human Rights and National courts of Member States of the European Union Study Population: ECtHR asylum decisions regarding FGM and national court decisions. Findings: It was established,that the general provisions of asylum law in the European Union and its Member States are rooted in human rights. Art. 6 of the TEU provides for legal recognition of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and states that fundamental rights should also be included in the general principles of the Union’s law83 hence also in asylum law. In general is to conclude that human rights are firmly established in the European Union asylum law but that due to the not yet finished harmonization process the differences between the Member States are significantly high. Reception conditions,chances of refugee recognition and basic material support are very different84 and in order to give all applicants an equal and fair treatment the CEAS first pillar hast to be further developed. This study moved on to establish that Female Genital Mutilation can be considered as torture and concludes that it can be at least concluded to be torture for the more severe FGM types II and III. The type I incision,which is often compared to male circumcision should be excluded from this argumentation,as the impact is rather small. However,a recent judgment in a German court on male circumcision85 raises the question whether both practices for male and female children should be prohibited under the consideration of autonomy,as it is an irreversible act and the children are too young to consent. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female Genital Mutilation as a Social Norm: Examining the Beliefs and Attitudes of Women in This Diaspora (2022)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Gutiérrez-García A.I, Solano-Ruiz C., Perpiñá- Galvañ J. ,Siles- González J and Jimenez- Ruiz I FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The article explores the beliefs,values and attitudes about female genital mutilation in the diaspora of sub-Saharan women and how the migration process has influenced these beliefs. Study Population: Women in the sub-Saharan diaspora Findings: The qualitative analysis of the life stories and lifelines of 10 women in the sub-Saharan diaspora in light of the Social Convention Theory indicated that making public statements about the topic is complex and that the taboo permeating the practice remains intact even outside of Africa. Furthermore,we discovered that,in our context,this practice was not a requirement and did not improve the chances of marriage,with female behaviours considered ‘appropriate’ instead gaining value. Any interventions based on this theory must consider the broad networks that help shape marriages in this diaspora. This work opened new lines of research regarding the situation of the diaspora of sub-Saharan women and the relationship of the practice of female genital mutilation with marriage Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Spain Source

Female Genital Mutilation as Sexual Violence Against Women (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Tridewiyanti,K. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This paper will discuss two matters. First,explanation of female genital circumcision according to religion,culture,legal and gender views; Second,reasons for female genital mutilation that are considered as sexual violence against women and girls. Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Religion certainly plays a role in the shaping of gender and sexual roles through the compelling promise of marital happiness. In some regions in Indonesia,the practice of female circumcision is usually done by the parents/guardian or community to infants. The girls have never been asked for the consent of FGM/FGC,which is showing that other people control the women’s bod. FGM/FGC practices that injure and cut the clitoris are considered as a form of discrimination and violence,especially to women Geographical coverage Region(s):Southeastern Asia Country(ies):Indonesia Source

Female genital mutilation as violence against women among the Kayoro Region of Ghana (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Edet P B,Eneji C V O,Ekefre E,Eneji j E O,Unwanade C C,Bassey J E FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To investigate violence against women as related to female genital mutilation,trace the origin of female genital mutilation and,find answers as to why the practice is still being carried out even at this modern time. The study also investigated into the hazardous effects of the practice Study Population: Girls,Circumcisors,Elderly Women,Opinion Leaders Findings: Findings indicated that the practice brought prestige to the receivers,made the married women stay faithful to their husbands,as it is found out that the circumcised women had lower sexual inclinations and that kept them faithful and less proned to sexual promiscuity,as it was assumed that any girl that was not circumcised this way was mocked at and ridiculed. Some however expressed disgust to the practice wishing that they had somewhere else to run to. The forgoing represented the views of the girls. The elderly women confirmed that the practice brought respect to the whole family and it was considered a taboo if any girl does not undergo female genital mutilation in the area. It was believed that if such a girl/woman is married the husband may not love her Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Ghana Source