Female Genital Mutilation and Birth Complications,Jijiga Town,Eastern Ethiopia (2002)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Tewodros Gebremichael FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretric. Objective: Assessed and compared the differential occurrence of birth complications among the different types of female genital mutilation(s) Study Population: women of reproductive age. Findings: The proportion of women who were genitally mutilated was 96% with 52% of them undergone the most severe type of FGM – infibulation. The rest 48% of women had undergone either FGM Type I or Type II; i.e.,they were genitally mutilated but not infibulated. Episiotomies occurred among 61% of women who were delivering for the first time and 28.1% of women delivering for the second time. The rates of instrumental and cesarean deliveries among the first-time deliveries were 6.6% and 3.1%,respectively; while they were 3.2% and 1.3% among the second-time deliveries,respectively. Among primi-parous women 36.2% reported having had complicated postnatal period; 22.5%,prolonged labour; 10.3%,perineal tear and 9.8%,heavy bleeding. Internal comparison between infibulated and non-infibulated women had shown that there was a significant difference in the occurrence of hemorrhage and postnatal problems. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

September 8, 2023

Female genital mutilation and complications in childbirth in the province of Gourma (Burkina Faso) (2010)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ndiaye Papa,Mayassine Diongue,Adama Faye,Drissa Ouedraogo,and Dia Tal FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretic. Objective: To assess the prevalence of childbirth complications due to FGM in the province of Gourma,Burkina Faso Study Population: women giving birth in four maternity wards in Fada Ngourma Findings: FGM recorded was Type I,II or III for 28%,28% and 3% of the respondents respectively. Obstructed labor occurred in 29% of the cases,and a caesarean section was preformed in 7% of the cases. Of all the normal vaginal deliveries,24% required episiotomies,18% experienced obstetric Hemorrhaging,20% had uterine retroversion and 3% needed blood transfusions. Among the newborns,5% were resuscitated and 4% were stillbirths. The existence of FGM statistically increased the proportion of dystocia (OR = 11.5),cesarean section (OR = 17.6),episiotomy (OR = 64),perineal tears (OR = 10,2),postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 13.0),retroverted uterus (OR = 14.7),blood transfusions (OR = 8.0) and stillbirths (OR = 10.2). Women with FGM Type 2 and 3 were more prone to dystocia and obstructed labor (OR = 5.7) and cesarean delivery (OR = 5.2) than those with FGM Type 1. FGM constituted an important risk factor for complications during childbirth Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso Source

Female genital mutilation and cutting in the Arab League and diaspora: A systematic review of preventive interventions (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abidogun,TM,Alyssa,R. L,Fouladi,N,Owens J,Abusalih HH,Bernstein J,Aboul-Enein BH. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study was designed to identify interventions exerting an effect on reducing the practice of FGM/C. Study Population: N/A Findings: Twelve of 896 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight interventions relied entirely on education with short-term gains but unchanged practices. Three interventions used social marketing and mixed media. Only one study took a multi-sectoral approach. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital mutilation and cutting in the Arab League and diaspora: A systematic review of preventive interventions (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abidogun,TM, ,Ramnarine A.L, Fouladi,N, Owens,J, Abusalih,HH, Bernstein,J,et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study was designed to identify interventions exerting an effect on reducing the practice of FGM/C. Study Population: N/A Findings: Twelve of 896 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight interventions relied entirely on education with short-term gains but unchanged practices. Three interventions used social marketing and mixed media. Only one study took a multi-sectoral approach.Conclusions At a macro level,opportunities to reduce or to end the practice of FGM/C exist through legislation,policy,a public health approach grounded in gender equality and human rights. Using multi-sectoral actions that consider the social context and challenge social norms at macro,meso and micro levels appears more effective than individual-level interventions. Promoting advocacy and developing supportive environments to reduce GBV,enhance gender equality and empower communities is crucial for interventions to succeed and achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target of FGM/C abandonment by 2030. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital mutilation and cutting: a systematic literature review of health professionals’ knowledge,attitudes and clinical practice (2015)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Zurynski Y,Sureshkumar P,Phu A,Elliott E FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature to address health professionals’ knowledge,clinical practice,and attitudes to FGM/C Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study found that of 159 unique articles,18 met inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was poor – six studies met seven of the eight quality criteria. Study participants included mainly obstetricians,gynaecologists and midwives (15 studies). The study also found that there no no papers that studied paediatricians specifically,but two papers reported on subgroups of paediatricians within a mixed sample of health professionals. Most health professionals were aware of the practice of FGM/C,but few correctly identified the four FGM/C categories defined by WHO. Knowledge about FGM/C legislation varied: 25 % of professionals in a Sudanese study,46 % of Belgian labour ward staff and 94 % of health professionals from the UK knew that FGM/C was illegal in their country. Health professionals from high income countries had cared for women or girls with FGM/C. The need to report children with FGM/C,or at risk of FGM/C,to child protection authorities was mentioned by only two studies Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital mutilation and cutting: an anatomical review and alternative rites. (2017)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Puppo,V. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/a. Objective: To describe an anatomical review of FGM and alternative rites Study Population: relied on literature Findings: Progress has been made and,today,24 countries in which FGM/C is concentrated have enacted legislation against the practice. Legal sanctions against FGM/C,the increasing level of public discourse surrounding it,the engagement of medical workers,and female and male sexual education,are important factors influencing abandonment of the practice. It is important to involve men in the discussion on FGM/C and engage both parents in the cultural change necessary to abandon these practices. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female Genital Mutilation and Domestic Violence among Egyptian Women (2001)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Refaat,Amany,Khadiga F. Dandash,Mohammed H. El Defrawi,Moustafa Eyada FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Domestic Violence. Objective: To determine if there is a relationship between female circumcision and domestic violence Study Population: Findings: Results showed that women who suffered from domestic violence and women who experienced genital circumcision shared many low socioeconomic and educational characteristics. Circumcised women were more likely to support continuation of female circumcision,to circumcise their daughters,and to accept the right of husbands to beat their wives. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Female genital mutilation and efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals 3,4,and 5 in southeast Nigeria (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Lawani LO,Onyebuchi AK,Iyoke CA,Okeke NE FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretic. Objective: To determine the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM),the common forms of FGM,reasons for the practice,associated obstetric outcomes,and how these have affected efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 3,4,and 5 in southeast Nigeria. Study Population: Primigravid women Findings: The mean age of the 516 participants was 27.24±4.80 years and most (66.3%) had undergone FGM. Type II FGM was the most common form,accounting for 59.6% of cases. Most FGM procedures were performed in infancy (97.1%) and for cultural reasons (60.8%). Women who had undergone FGM had significantly higher risk for episiotomy,perineal tear,hemorrhage,cesarean delivery,neonatal resuscitation,fresh stillbirth/early neonatal death,and longer hospitalization,with higher risk ratios associated with higher degrees of FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation and ethical issues (2011)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Elsayed Dya Eldin,Elamin Rabaa,Sulaiman Suad FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess how FGM is an ethical drawback since it is a senseless practice which provides no direct benefit to girls on whom it is performed. It also inflicts undue harm on the little girls (who are the primary victims). It is performed without consent Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study concluded that except for unquestionably curative therapeutic reasons,any procedure made on the body was considered unethical. The drastic nature of FGM/C; its irreversibility and lack of urgency without consent,or at least by parent consent made it an even more illegal action Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Sudan Source

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AND GIRL CHILD EDUCATION IN SUAM SUB – COUNTY BUKWO DISTRICT- EASTERN UGAND (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Lopor,J. A. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To establish the effect of FGM on Girl child education and how it can be eliminated to improve the enrollment of the girl child in schools Study Population: The study mainly targeted those who are mutilated Findings: The study fmdings revealed that existence of high rates of mutilation or poor methods of mutilation due to low levels of education has led to high school drop ours especially the girl child in a sense that they face a lot of hmniliations~ injuries forced marriages (early marriages, therefore with such in place education (girl child education) in the area has become a myth (dream). The study concludes that govemments~ development partners and other stakehoiders should take an extensive role- in thorough sensitization of the local Sabiny community on the essence of eliminating their barbaric practice of FGM and try to embrace girl child education through discouraging early marriage which are seen as sources. of dowry and spell out girl child contribution to the improved and quality community standards which was lead to both. local,and national developmen Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Uganda Source