Female genital mutilation : Studies on primary and repeat female genital cutting (2005)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Berggren,Vanja FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore FGC and RI in a country of origin,Sudan,and after immigration to Sweden. More specifically the objectives were: (I) to describe the perceptions and practice of FGC among rural Sudanese women and men’s views; (II) to describe the prevalence of RI in hospital settings; (III) to elucidate knowledge,attitude and practice of FGC and RI in a rural setting in Sudan; (IV) to explore the experiences and perceptions of RI after delivery among Sudanese midwives; (V) to investigate the experiences of FGC and RI among Sudanese women and men; and (VI) to explore the experiences of FGC and the encounter with Swedish maternity care among women immigrants from Sudan,Somalia and Eritrea Study Population: Villagers and mothers Findings: (I) A high prevalence of FGC (100%) was stated among the respondents. Tradition and social importance were the main motives. The younger generation stated a change in practice,preferring the least severe form of FGC for their daughters. (II) 61% of the women included had undergone tightening vulvar operations after delivery,at the delivery wards,including women who had not been subjected to primary FGC. (III) Reinfibulation after delivery was widely practised and the main motives were social reason/tradition and alleged male sexual satisfaction. The younger generation of women described the midwife and older female relatives as being behind the decision. (IV) The midwives’ motives for RI were to respond to the social requests and to benefit the women by increasing their beauty and value. (V) Women and men explained both negative health implications and perceived benefits of the practices. Both men and women were seen as victims of the consequences of the practices and blamed each other and the midwives for its persistence. (VI) The immigrant women’s experienced suffering from being abandoned and mutilated,feeling vulnerable in the encounter with Swedish healthcare personnel,which led them to avoid seeking maternity care. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):sweden Source

September 8, 2023

Female Genital Mutilation A study of health services and legislation in some countries of the European Union (2008)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Els Leye FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The overall aim of this dissertation is to assess the responses at legislative and health care level to FGM in some countries of the EU. Study Population: gynaecologists,implementation of laws in five EU countries Findings: The research showed that both criminal and child protection laws are being implemented in a number of EU countries. An increasing number of EU countries have developed specific criminal law provisions to prohibit FGM. Specific criminal laws have not resulted in more prosecutions than general criminal laws,and have proven to be incomplete when addressing emerging issues such as symbolic incisions,cosmetic vaginal surgeries and reinfibulation,leaving the professionals who perform these actions with a lack of clarity on how to proceed. A number of factors hinder an effective implementation of both criminal and child protection laws,in particular with regard to case-reporting,finding evidence and protecting girls at risk. This study demonstrated that an effective implementation of laws with regard to FGM is closely linked to the knowledge and attitudes of professionals regarding population groups where FGM is common,the practice of FGM itself,and the different types as well as knowledge of the laws and child protection procedures to follow if a girl is at risk. The study contended that current legislation needs a clear strategic plan for implementation mechanisms. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe,Southern Europe,Northern Europe Country(ies):Belgium,France,Spain,Sweden,United Kingdom Source

Female Genital Mutilation among Antenatal Attendees at St. Luke’s Hospital Anua,Uyo,Nigeria (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Akpan,B. E.,& Idung,E. A. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: Prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) was studied in Anua,Uyo,Nigeria to determine its status and success of campaigns in the regio Study Population: Newly registered pregnant women of antenatal care Findings: Three hundred and sixty four (364) women were interviewed and clinically examined. Eighty two (22.53%) of the women examined had cuts. Type II cutting was common (64.60%),followed by Ia (18.30%) and Ib (15.90%). Type III was the least (1.20%) observed. Female genital mutilation occurred in ten (10) tribes out of eleven (11) observed. There were significant differences in prevalence among the tribes. Yoruba and Efik tribes indicated highest (75.00%) each while Ibibio/Annang tribe had the least. Secondary school girls were most affected (53.66%). Muslims were more affected (66.66%) than Christians. Cuttings occurred either between infancy and childhood or puberty and marriage. It is done by ―Circumcisers‖ considered experts in the community. Reasons for the practice include reduction of promiscuity and maintenance of virginity enshrined in tradition and religion. Involvement of nurses and other health workers as circumcisers was an attempt to medicalise the practice. FGM/C is still practiced in Nigeria. Efforts in campaigns and routine evaluation should not be abated to achieve the year 2030 eradication target Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation among antenatal care and contraceptive advice attendees in Sweden (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Litorp H,Franck M,Almroth L FGM/C Type(s): I Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore knowledge of,attitudes toward and practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) among women originally from countries where FGM is customary attending antenatal care and contraceptive advice in Sweden Study Population: Women Findings: The reliability of the self-reported form of FGM is low,which may have implications for research,interventions and health care. Although many women express negative attitudes toward FGM and know about serious complications,the religious justifications,the practice of FGM on daughters,reinfibulation on adults and medicalization of the practice indicate attitudes that favor of the continued practice of FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):Sweden Source

Female genital mutilation among Edo people: the complications and pattern of presentation at a pediatric surgery unit,Benin City (2009)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Osifo David Osarumwese,Iyekoretin Evbuomwan FGM/C Type(s): I,II Health area of focus: None. Objective: To find out the main indicators of FGM and type of mutilation among the Edo people Study Population: Girls,Mothers Findings: Out of the 51,twenty-nine were brought by their parents for mutilation while 67 parents interviewed believed strongly on female genital mutilation with 47 mothers mutilated. Religio-cultural and superstitious beliefs were the main indications and the type of mutilation ranged from excision of clitoridal tip in 10 (19.6%) children to complete excision of the clitoris,labia minora and inner layer of majora in 7 (13.7%). Complications ranged from clitoridal cyst formation in 21 (41.2%) to life threatening infections with one mortality due to tetanus infection Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital mutilation among Iraqi Kurdish women: a cross-sectional study from Erbil city (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Yasin B,Al-Tawil N,Shabila N,Al-Hadithi T FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine (i) the prevalence of female genital mutilation among Muslim Kurdish women in Erbil city,(ii) the patterns and types of female genital mutilation, (iii) the factors associated with this practice and (iv) women’s knowledge and attitudes towards this practice Study Population: Women Findings: The self-reported prevalence of female genital mutilation was 70.3%,while it was 58.6% according to clinical examination of the women’s genitalia. The most common type of female genital mutilation was type I (99.6%) and the most common age at which mutilation was performed was 4–7 years (60.2%). This practice was mostly performed by traditional birth attendants (72.5%). Only 6.4% of mutilated women reported having complications after mutilation,most commonly bleeding (3.6%). The practice was more reported among housewives (OR = 3.3),those women whose mothers were mutilated (OR = 15.1) or with unknown mutilation status (OR = 7.3) and those women whose fathers were illiterate (OR = 1.4) or could only read and write (OR = 1.6). The common reasons for practicing female genital mutilation were cultural tradition (46.7%) and dictate of religion (38.9%). Only 30% of the participants were aware about the health consequences of female genital mutilation. More than one third (36.6%) of the women support the practice and 34.5% have intention to mutilate their daughters. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Iraq Source

Female genital mutilation among mothers and daughters in Harar,eastern Ethiopia (2016)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Oljira,T.,Assefa,N.,& Dessie,Y.  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) among mothers and daughters,and to inves-tigate sociodemographic factors influencing the practice of FGM in Harar,Ethiopia. Study Population: Mothers and daughters Findings: Among 842 mothers,669 (79.5%) reported that they had undergone FGM themselves,and160 (19.0%) that their daughter had undergone FGM. Traditional practitioners were said to be the majorperformers of FGM by 151 (94.4%) mothers. Mothers whose daughter was mutilated mentioned socialacceptance (144 [90.0%] women) and better marriage prospects (96 [60.0%]) as the major benefits. Genitalmutilation of daughters was significantly associated with maternal age,education to grade 1–4,and FGMexperience. Amhara ethnic origin was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of FGM amongdaughters Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Female genital mutilation among mothers and daughters in Harar,eastern Ethiopia (2016)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Oljira,T.,Assefa,N. & Dessie,Y. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study aimed to assess the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) among mothers and daughters,and to investigate sociodemographic factors influencing the practice of FGM in Harar,Ethiopia. Study Population: Women aged 15 years or older who had at least one living daughteryounger than 12 years via the Harar Health and Demographic Surveillance System 2013 Findings: 669 (79.5%) of 842 mothers claimed having experienced FGM themselves,while 160 (19%) indicated that their daughter had undergone FGM. The majority of FGM is performed by traditional practitioners,according to 151 (94.4 percent) moms. Mothers whose daughters had genital mutilation cited societal acceptance (144 [90%] women) and improved marriage prospects (96 [60%] women) as the primary advantages. The association between female genital mutilation and maternal age,education to grade 1–4,and FGM experience was statistically significant. Significantly related with a decreased likelihood of FGM among daughters was Amhara ethnicity. In one generation,the prevalence of FGM has decreased. The importance of increasing activism against FGM and law enforcement should be underlined. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Female Genital Mutilation and Associated Factors in GonchaSiso-Enessie District,East Gojjam Zone,Amhara Region,Ethiopia (2013)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Andualem Mulusew FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors for female genital cutting Study Population: The study population were all women in reproductive age group (15-49) residing in the District who had daughter less than five years old. Findings: Results: A total of 730 mothers with the mean Standard Deviation age of 29 ± 7 standard deviation were participated in the study. The prevalence of Female genital cutting was higher,62.7% on under five daughters in the study area. Health education (AOR=0.19; 95%,CI=0.08-0.45),age 15-24 years [AOR (95%CI)=0.20 (0.06-0.64)],women’s educational status [AOR (95%CI)=5.43 (1.88,55.68)],women themselves circumcised [AOR (95%CI)=3.45 (1.35,8.79)] and criminal [AOR (95%CI)=0.37 (0.16,0.86)] were found significantly associated with female genital cutting. Female genital cutting was highly practiced among rural women than urban. Age,educational status,residence,being circumcised,health education,knowledge on female denial cutting and believing it as criminal were found to be determinants of female genital cutting. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Female Genital Mutilation and Associated Factors in GonchaSiso-Enessie District,East Gojjam Zone,Amhara Region,Ethiopia (2012) (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Andualem M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective:  To assess the prevalence and associated factors for female genital cutting Study Population: Mothers  Findings: A total of 730 mothers with the mean Standard Deviation age of 29 ± 7 standarddeviation participated in the study. The prevalence of Female genital cutting was higher,62.7% on under five daughters in the study area. Health education (AOR=0.19; 95%,CI=0.08-0.45),age 15-24 years [AOR (95%CI)=0.20 (0.06-0.64)],women’s educational status [AOR (95%CI)=5.43 (1.88,55.68)],women themselves circumcised [AOR (95%CI)=3.45 (1.35,8.79)] and criminal [AOR (95%CI)=0.37 (0.16,0.86)] were found significantly associated with female genital cutting. Conclusions: Female genital cutting was highly practiced among rural women than urban. Age,educational status,residence,being circumcised,health education,knowledge on female denial cutting and believing it as criminal were found to be determinants of female genital cutting. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source