Female genital cutting: breaking the silence,enabling change (2000)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Masterson J,Swanson J FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To look at the occurence of female genital cutting (FGC),common rationales for its practice,and its prevalence. Explores efforts to eliminate the practice within the context of an emerging human rights framework Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The experiences of the three projects (Positive Deviance,Alternative Rites of Passage and Tostan village program) described in the study document suggest some overarching lessons to consider when designing and implementing programs to end FGC. In particular,the insights that follow may be of value to development practitioners,donors,and policymakers as they consider the proposed goals and outcomes of their programs,the role of communities,and the most appropriate contributions to be made by local and international NGOs Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt,Gambia,Senegal Source

September 8, 2023

Female genital cutting: clinical and cultural guidelines (2004)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Nour Nawal M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To review the literature,describe the types of female genital cutting,evaluate its immediate and long-term complications,and provide clinical guidelines for managing women who have undergone this procedure Study Population: Obstetricians & Gynecologists,Family Physicians Findings: The study findings showed that immediate complications included hemorrhage,infection,urinary dysfunction,shock,or death. Long-term complications included urinary complications,scarring,pain,infection,and infertility. Obstetric complications included lacerations,wound infections,postpartum hemorrhage,and sepsis. Fetal complications were rarely seen in Western countries. Women who had undergone female genital cutting experienced complications Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital cutting: cultural rights and rites of defiance in northern Tanzania (2009)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Winterbottom Anna,Jonneke Koomen,and Gemma Burford FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To review campaigns against female genital cutting (FGC) directed at Maasai communities in northern Tanzania Study Population: Maasai communities in northern Tanzania Findings: The authors argue that campaigns against FGC using educational,health,legal,and human rights–based approaches are at times ineffective and counterproductive when they frame the practice as a “tradition” rooted in a “primitive” and unchanging culture. We suggest that development interventions that do not address local contexts of FGC,including the complex politics and history of interventions designed to eradicate it,can in fact reify and reinscribe the practice as central to Maasai cultural identity. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Tanzania Source

Female Genital Cutting: current practices and beliefs in Western Africa (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Heather L SipsmaI,Peggy G ChenI,Angela Ofori-AttaII,Ukwuoma O IlozumbaIII,Kapouné KarfoIV,Elizabeth H BradleyI FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To conduct a cross-national comparative study of the prevalence and correlates of female Genital Cutting (FGC) practices and beliefs in western Africa Study Population: Women Findings: The prevalence of FGC was high overall but varied substantially across countries in western Africa. In Sierra Leone,Gambia,Burkina Faso and Mauritania,the prevalence of FGC was 94%,79%,74% and 72%,respectively,whereas in Ghana,Niger and Togo prevalence was less than 6%. Older age and being Muslim were generally associated with increased odds of FGC,and higher education was associated with lower odds of FGC. The association between FGC and wealth varied considerably. Burkina Faso was the only country in our study that experienced a dramatic reduction in FGC prevalence from women (74%) to their daughters (25%); only 14.2% of the women surveyed in that country said that they believe the practice should continue. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso,Côte d’Ivoire,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,Mauritania,Niger,Nigeria,Sierra Leone,Togo Source

Female genital cutting: its perception and practice in Igbo-Ora community,Nigeria (2009)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka,Olanrewaju Oladimeji,Chris Aimakhu FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the knowledge,prevalence,practice and attitudes to FGM/C and its health implication in Igbo-Ora Community Study Population: Women,Traditional Doctors,Girls,Men Findings: The study found that more than 78.7% girls and women in Igbo-Ora had undergone FGM/C. Despite high awareness (97.5%),only a few (30.7%) knew about the health consequences. It was practiced by people from all social classes and women with more education were less likely to practice FGC. There was strong adherence to tradition and beliefs and the patriarchal nature of the society as many disapproved its abolition especially people of younger age group (58.1%) with more men than women. More practiced among Muslims,63.8%. The traditional doctors did not have health training,use anesthesia or sterilize the circumcision instruments. A majority (84.8%) had no knowledge about the enacted legislation regarding FGC in Nigeria Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female Genital Cutting: The Interpretation of Recent DHS Data (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): P. Stanley Yoder,Shanxiao Wang FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To facilitate the use of DHS data on FGC by guiding the reader through the various ways that FGC data are collected,processed,and presented. Study Population: presents data on female genital cutting collected by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS),an international survey program Findings: DHS data on the national prevalence for FGC shows the proportion of women age 15-49 that have been circumcised. This proportion can be used to estimate the total number of women in all ages who are circumcised in the country. The calculation of the total number of women affected involves several assumptions,but one can arrive at a figure with some confidence. The FGC prevalence for women age 45 to 49 can be used as a proxy and lower limit for the prevalence of women older than 49 years of age; similarly,the prevalence of women 15 to 19 years of age can be used as a proxy and upper limit for girls less than 15 years old. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source

Female Genital Cutting: the pressures of culture,international attention,and domestic law on the role of African Women (Not specified)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Aisha Nicole Davis FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the international scrutiny of female genital cutting (FGC) often referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM),and how international legislation overlooks the women affected by the procedure Study Population: Women Findings: The power to permanently change the traditions of a culture must come from within the group itself,lest we risk denying groups the right of self-identification. Feminists and human rights activists from Europe,America,and all across the African continent have spoken against female genital cutting,with lasting results seen when local and international opinion align and the community welcomes the change. This illustrates the lasting ability of tradition and culture in spite of international pressure from people both within and outside of the perceived community. Surely,the only way for true change to take place,the group that the change will affect must seek that change. From this,the Western world should understand the need to work with the “victimized” group,as opposed to continuing the imperialistic mindset by forcing their ideals upon others Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital cutting: types,motives and perineal damage in laboring Egyptian women (2003)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Al-Hussaini Tarek K.  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretic,prevalence. Objective: To study the prevalence of female genital cutting (FGC) in a nulliparous population admitted for childbirth Study Population: primigravid women in active labor Findings: All women recruited had been circumcised; 51% had type I cut and 49% had type II. Adherence to tradition was the most common motive for the operation (46.5%). Ninety-five percent of the study population had an episiotomy. The incidence of perineal tears was 1.6%. The study concluded that female genital cutting (only types I and II) was confirmed in all patients in the study. There was a low incidence of perineal tears and a high episiotomy rate (95%). Episiotomy should be performed in all cases where FGC has made the vulva/vagina inelastic. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Female genital mutilation (2002)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Khaled M,Cox C FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To set out the methods and classification of FGM,the position of the World Health Organization and other international agencies,and to consider the problems from a British perspective Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The findings were that FGM is practised worldwide,including the UK. To make the diagnosis of FGM,the circumstances must be considered and the patient examined. The incidence of the procedure was still high in at-risk communities and worldwide efforts to reduce the practice are meeting resistance Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital mutilation (2004)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Momoh Comfort FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To provide an up to date account of recent papers and attitude on female genital mutilation in the past year. It is aimed at all professionals caring and supporting women/girls with female genital mutilation,and to identify gaps Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Given the multidisciplinary complexity of the practice of female genital mutilation,it was surprising how little empirical research (both quantitative and qualitative) existed. There was a paucity of rigorous research into its prevalence,its health consequences for those girls/women experiencing the practice,the understanding of professionals who have to address the issue,the implementation of existing legislation and the impact of programme interventions intended to change people’s attitudes to,and the practice of,female genital mutilation. The overwhelming majority of literature focuses on the same topics,often drawing upon the same less-than-rigorous research data Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source