Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro,Tanzania: changing attitudes? (2002)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Msuya Sia E,Elizabeth Mbizvo,Akhtar Hussain,Johanne Sundby,Noel E. Sam,and Babill Stray‐Pedersen FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Prevalence,Gynaecological. Objective: To study the prevalence,type,social correlates and attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) among urban women in Kilimanjaro,Tanzania; and to examine the association between FGC and gynaecological problems,reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and HIV. Study Population: women attending reproductive health care clinics Findings: 17% of the respondents had undergone FGC,mostly clitoridectomy (97%). Female genital cutting prevalence was significantly lower among educated,Christian and Chagga women. Women aged >or=35 were twice as likely to be cut as those < 25 years. Seventy-six per cent of those who had undergone FGC intend not to perform the procedure on their daughters. Age < 25 years (P < 0.0001) and low parity (P < 0.01) were predictors of that intention. There was no association between RTIs,HIV or hepatitis B and FGC. The study concluded that FGC was still fairly common but there was evidence of a change of attitude towards the practice,especially among young women. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Tanzania Source

September 8, 2023

Female genital cutting in Malaysia: a mixed-methods stud (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Rashid,A.,& Iguchi,Y. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study aimed to understand the reasons for the practice by the Muslim community,traditional practitioners and the views of religious scholars as well as the medicalisation trend of the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) Study Population: women 18 years and older in the rural areas of Kedah and Penang Findings: Quantitative: There were 605 participants,most had undergone FGC (99.3%),were in the opinion FGC is compulsory in Islam (87.6%) and wanted FGC to continue (99.3%). Older respondents had FGC conducted by traditional midwives (X2=59.13,p

Female genital cutting in southern urban and peri-urban Nigeria: self-reported validity,social determinants and secular decline (2002)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Snow Rachel C.,Tracy E. Slanger,Friday E. Okonofua,Frank Oronsaye,and Juergen Wacker. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Prevalence. Objective: To determine prevalence,social determinants and reporting for self-reporting for FGC Study Population: Women visiting antenatal and three family planning clinics in South-west Nigeria Findings: In total,45.9% had undergone some form of cutting. Based on WHO classifications by type,32.6% had Type I cuts,11.5% Type II,and 1.9% Type III or IV. Self-reported FGC status was valid in 79% of women; 14% were unsure of their status,and 7% reported their status incorrectly. Women were more likely to be unsure of their status if they were not cut,or come from social groups with a lower prevalence of cutting. Ethnicity was the most significant social predictor of FGC,followed by age,religious affiliation and education. Prevalence of FGC was highest among the Bini and Urhobo,among those with the least education,and particularly high among adherents to Pentecostal churches; this was independent of related social factors. There was evidence of a steady and steep secular decline in the prevalence of FGC in the region over the past 25 years,with age-specific prevalence rates of 75.4% among women aged 45-49 years,48.6% among 30-34-year olds,and 14.5% among girls aged 15-19. Despite wide disparities in FGC prevalence across ethnic,religious and educational groups,the secular decline was evident among all social subgroups. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: a critical and comparative analysis (2004)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Yoder P Stanley,Noureddine Abderrahim,Arlinda Zhuzhuni FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To summarizes the data on FGM/C from all DHS surveys implemented between 1989 and 2002 that included questions about FGM/C prevalence,in order to make more accessible the basic information about how and when FGM/C has been practiced,and to encourage country-specific analyses of DHS data on FGMC Study Population: Women Findings: Both DHS data and the literature on FGM/C indicated there was substantial variation in the prevalence of FGM/C among countries,in the manner in which FGM/C was practiced,and in the relative importance attached to the ritual aspects of the circumcision event. The average age at circumcision varied from a few weeks in Yemen to 12 years in Kenya and Tanzania. The amount of cutting varied from a symbolic nick to excision of external female genitalia and partial closure of the vaginal area (infibulation). The ritual aspects varied from the simple cutting of an infant in the household context to the cutting of a group of adolescent girls in a ritual context (coming-of-age ceremonies),followed by seclusion for a period of weeks or months Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Female genital Cutting in the Gambia: A case study of Tostan (2009)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Kopper Sarah FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore why Tostan’s program and approach have led to FGC abandonment in The Gambian context Study Population: Women Findings: The study concluded that Tostan’s success stems from its use of a holistic,respectful approach that incorporates community values Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Gambia Source

Female Genital Cutting Restricts Sociosexuality Among the Igbo People of Southeast Nigeria (2016)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Onyishi Ike E.,Pavol Prokop,Chiedozie O. Okafor,and Michael N. Pham FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: A frequently cited reason for performing this procedure is to restrict female sexuality. To test this idea,we examined women’s willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations (sociosexuality) among the traditional Igbo community in Southeastern Nigeria,a region in which FGC is prevalent. Study Population: Women from a rural Igbo community in Southeastern Nigeria participated. Findings: Women with FGC reported more restricted sociosexuality in all three domains (attitude,behavior,and desire) compared to women without FGC. Our results suggest that FGC significantly restricts female extra-pair behavior. We provide evidence that this practice is partially attributable to sexual conflict over reproduction by decreasing paternity uncertainty and increasing the reproductive costs to women. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Female genital cutting starts to decline among women in Oromia,Ethiopia (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Rahlenbeck S,Mekonnen W,Melkamu Y FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore factors influencing attitudes towards the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) among women in Oromia region,Ethiopia Study Population: Women Findings: Prevalence significantly decreased with birth date,ranging from 95.1% in women aged 45-49 years to 75.8% in those aged 15-19 years. Overall,63.7% of women favoured the discontinuation of FGC,while 29.7% favoured its continuation. Education was strongly correlated with a stance against the practice: while only 54.6% of illiterate women were against it,this figure was 95.5% among women who had completed secondary school. While the reported prevalence was similar among Christian (87.8%) and Islamic women (89.1%),56.3% of Islamic women favoured discontinuation compared with 70.5% of Christian women. The higher that women scored on empowerment indices,the more they opposed the practice. In logistic regression models,educational level (P=0.001),personal FGC experience (P=0.001),religious affiliation (P=0.02) and self-empowerment were factors (P=0.01 and P=0.004) significantly associated with favouring discontinuation Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Female Genital Cutting: A community based approach to behaviour change (2014)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Amina Memon FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The goal of this review is to consider some contemporary literature on what is commonly referred to as Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting (FGM/C) with the goal of looking at the discourse,attitudes and beliefs around this practice,its prevalence in the UK today and the approaches to effecting change Study Population: Not stated Findings: FGM/C is deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of its countries of origin (Reig Alcaraz et al. 2014). Shell-Duncan & Hernlund argue that we must be wary of the Trivialisation of culture,whereby the social significance and historical context of a practice is ignored in favour of labeling it as mindless and barbaric,as this can be highly offensive to the very people we are trying to communicate with (Toubia,1985). . According to social convention theory the actions of individuals are interdependent and this fits with the finding that it is the proximate persons or people that our close to individuals (family members,friends and other trusted sources) who shape opinions and intentions around the practice of FGM/C. Imoh (2012) makes the important point that cultural values are not static and we need to engage local communities in an ongoing dialogue about their own local practices. Furthermore,Imoh argues that this environment of dialogue and self-scrutiny and reflection by local communities presents an opportunity for policy makers and practitioners to develop partnerships with local communities in which the priorities and needs of all stakeholders are seriously considered,rather than imposing behaviour change Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom Source

Female genital cutting: A survey among healthcare professionals in Italy (2015)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Surico D,Amadori R,Gastaldo B,Tinelli R,Surico N  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of female genital cutting (FGC) in a tertiary teaching hospital in Italy. Study Population: Healthcare Professionals Findings: The results showed that 71.5% (73/102) of healthcare professionals dealt with patients presenting with FGC. Gynaecologists (83%) and paediatric nurses (75%) were the only ones who declared to be aware of Italian law on FGC. In detail,55% of midwives,50% of paediatricians,50% of paediatrician residents and 28.5% of gynaecological residents were aware of this law  Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Italy Source

Female genital cutting: an evidence-based approach to clinical management for the primary care physician (2013)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Hearst Adelaide A.,and Alexandra M. Molnar FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Clinical Management. Objective: To provide an introduction to the practice of FGC and practice guidelines for the primary care physician. Study Population: None Findings: This review discusses the different types of FGC,important cultural considerations for physicians caring for patients with FGC,the common early and late medical complications and their management,and psychosocial issues associated with FGC. Current laws pertaining to FGC are briefly reviewed,as well as implications for patients seeking asylum status in the United States because of FGC. Finally,the article presents evidence-based,culturally sensitive approaches to discussions of FGC with girls and women for whom this is an issue. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source