External genital excision sequelae at the Yalgado Ouedraogo national central hospital: epidemiology and surgical treatment (2001)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Akotionga,M.,O. Traore,J. Lakoande,and B. Kone FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Surgical. Objective: To look at prospective study on FGM complications Study Population: Women Findings: Femal genital mutilation complications were 7.3 per cent of external gynecologic consultations and most complications were overdraft between 15 and 24 years old (36 cases out of 49). The main consultation motives were dyspareunia and difficult sexual relationship. Surgery under local anesthetic was very efficient (more than 90 % success) and cheaper than surgery under general anesthetic. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso Source

September 8, 2023

Factors affecting the practice of female genital mutilation of Ethiopian women (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Assefa Roman FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To identify factors that affect female genital circumcision in Ethiopia using data collected in Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS,2005) Study Population: Women Findings: Based on the binary logistic regression analysis age of women,region,place of residence,religion,frequency of listening to radio,mother’s level of education,and wealth index were found to be the most important determinants of circumcision Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Factors and Problems Related to Female Genital Mutilation as Seen in Children at St. Gaspar Hospital,Itigi,Tanzania (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): CR Majinge and SE Ngallaba FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To determine the aetiological factors and problems related to female genital mutilation as seen in children at St. Gaspar Hospital Study Population: all female children admitted for the year 2000 and 2001,regardless of their illness Findings: The prevalence of FGM was still high in this part of Tanzania,thus for every 20 women three had FGM. Nyaturu tribe practiced FGM at large. FGM was done to female children before 15 years of age. 98.2% of the circumciser (Ngaliba) were female and most of them were influential people in those community. To address the problem one had to involve the circumciser. The male had a negative attitude towards unmutilated women. This acted as a catalyst for women to get circumcised. Because of FGM,some of the female children had migrated to countries or places where female circumcision was illegal. The study recommended that FGM should be prevented because it had permanent mental,physical and psychological effect to woman,it was also irreversible and once mutilated one remained mutilated forever. Study further recommends that anti FGM approaches should focus first on the circumciser (Ngaliba) and that males should be involved in such campaigns. As most the women were not aware about their human rights,such capacity should be built. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Tanzania Source

Factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age and girls aged 0-14 in Chad: a mixed-effects multilevel analysis of the 2014-2015 Chad demographic and health survey data (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ahinkorah B.O. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with FGM among women aged 15-49 and girls aged 0-14 in Chad. Study Population: Women’s file which contains data of women of reproductive age (15–49) was considered Findings: Results: The results indicate that more than half (50.2%) of the women and 12.9% of girls in Chad had been circumcised. Among women aged 15-49,level of education,employment status,ethnicity,religion,wealth quintile and community literacy level were significant predictors of FGM. Age,partner’s level of education,marital status,employment status,ethnicity,religion and mother’s FGM status were associated with FGM among girls aged 0-14.Conclusion: This study has identified several individual and contextual factors as predictors of FGM among women and girls in Chad. The findings imply the need to adopt strategies aimed at addressing these factors in order to help eliminate the practice of FGM. Government and non-governmental organisations in Chad need to implement policies that enhance media advocacy and community dialogue to help deal with FGM in the country. Geographical coverage Region(s):Middle Africa Country(ies):Chad Source

Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso (2013)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Inungu Joseph,and Yacouba Tou FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine whether the prevalence of FGM changed overtime and identified the factors associated with this practice Study Population: 15 to 49 years old Burkinabe women Findings: Of the 3,289 women who participated in the survey,68.1% had undergone FGM. Among those who had a daughter (n = 2258),18.7% had a circumcised daughter. Young age [15 to 24 years (odd ratio (OR): 0.26. 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.31) or 25 to 34 years (OR 0.59,95%CI 0.48 to 0.72)],ethnicity [Gourmatche ethnic group (OR: 0.48,95%CI 0.31 to 0.73)],religion [Muslim (OR: 1.53,95%CI 1.09 to 2.14)],and social support from community leaders (OR: 1.37,95%CI 1.07 to 1.75) were significantly associated with the FGM among women in Burkina Faso. Although,FGM is associated with serious health risks,its prevalence remains unacceptably high in Burkina Faso. Social marketing interventions targeting community social norms,raising the community awareness about FGM,and empowering women to make informed decisions for their daughters are needed in order to end this deeply rooted tradition. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso Source

Factors associated with female genital mutilation in Burkina Faso and its policy implications (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Karmaker Bue,Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala,Donna Chung,and Aileen Clarke FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Prevalence. Objective: To determine whether: i) a woman herself had had FGM; ii) whether she had one or more daughters with FGM Study Population: women of reproductive age (15-49 years) Findings: Seventy seven percent (9267) of the women interviewed had had FGM. 7336 women had a daughter of whom 2216 (30.2%) had a daughter with FGM and 334 (4.5%) said that they intended that their daughter should have it. Univariate analysis showed that age,religion,wealth,ethnicity,literacy,years of education,household affluence,region and who had responsibility for health care decisions in the household had (RHCD) were all significantly related to the two outcomes (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis stratified by religion mainly confirmed these findings,however,education was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of FGM only for Christian women Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso Source

Factors associated with female genital mutilation: a systematic review and synthesis of national,regional and community-based studies (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): El-Dirani Z, Farouki L, Akl C,et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify and describe the factors that influence female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). Study Population: N/A Findings: Of 2230 studies identified,54 published articles were included. The majority of studies were from the African Region (n=29) followed by the Eastern Mediterranean Region (n=18). A lower level of maternal education,family history of FGM/C,or belonging to the Muslim religion (in certain contexts) increased the likelihood of FGM/C. The majority of studies that examined higher paternal education (for girls only) and living in an urban region showed a reduced likelihood of FGM/C,while conflicting evidence remained for wealth. Several studies reported that FGM/C literacy,and low community FGM/C prevalence were associated with a reduced likelihood of FGM/C.Conclusions There were several characteristics that appear to be associated with FGM/C,and these will better enable the targeting of policies and interventions. Importantly,parental education may be instrumental in enabling communities and countries to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Factors associated with female genital mutilation: a systematic review and synthesis of national,regional and community-based studies (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): El-Dirani Z,Farouki L,Akl C,Ali U,Akik C,McCall SJ FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify and describe the factors that influence female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). Study Population: Searches were conducted in Medline,PsycInfo,Web of Science,Embase and the grey literature from 2009 to March 2020 with no language restrictions,using related MESH terms and keywords. Studies were included if they were quantitative and examined factors associated with FGM/C. Two researchers independently screened studies for inclusion,extracted data and assessed study quality. The direction,strength and consistency of the association were evaluated for determinants,presented as a descriptive summary,and were disaggregated by age and region. Findings: Of 2230 studies identified,54 published articles were included. The majority of studies were from the African Region (n=29) followed by the Eastern Mediterranean Region (n=18). A lower level of maternal education,family history of FGM/C,or belonging to the Muslim religion (in certain contexts) increased the likelihood of FGM/C. The majority of studies that examined higher paternal education (for girls only) and living in an urban region showed a reduced likelihood of FGM/C,while conflicting evidence remained for wealth. Several studies reported that FGM/C literacy,and low community FGM/C prevalence were associated with a reduced likelihood of FGM/C.Conclusions There were several characteristics that appear to be associated with FGM/C,and these will better enable the targeting of policies and interventions. Importantly,parental education may be instrumental in enabling communities and countries to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Factors Associated with Health Care Provider Attitudes,and Confidence for the Care of Women and Girls Affected by Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Marea CX,Warren N,Glass N,Johnson-Agbakwu C and Perrin N FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: A cross-sectional survey of health care providers was conducted to explore the associations between health care provider characteristics,awareness of health complications of FGM/C,attitudes,and confidence for FGM/C care Study Population: An online cross-sectional survey of health care providers at the time of registration in a workshop titled “Optimizing Care for Women and Girls Affected by FGM/C” in the Greater Phoenix and Tucson,Arizona,and Baltimore,Maryland areas.tudy participants were predominantly physicians (28%) or medical residents (48.8%),female (73.2%),and white (76.8%). About half the sample specialized in women’s health (47%),and the majority had

Factors associated with men’s opinion about female genital mutilation in Ethiopia (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Bethany A. Sara,S. E. Rubin,Z. T. Haile,Dawit G. Alemu,Ilana R. Azulay Chertok, FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This was a cross-sectional study that used secondary data to identify factors associated with men’s opinions about the practice of FGM Study Population: Men who responded to the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). Findings: The dependent variable was men’s opinion about FGM. Demographic,socioeconomic,and other characteristics were examined.Variables associated with men’s support for FGM were lack of education (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.93,4.40,p =