Factors associated with perceived continuation of females’ genital mutilation among women in Ethiopia (2010)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Fikrie Z FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To identify the main factors contributing to the support for the continuation of female genital mutilations in Ethiopia Study Population: Women Findings: There was low awareness with less education status,Somali and Afar regions,rural residence,and Muslim religion were predictors of continuation of females’ genital mutilation. The results on both descriptive and logistic regression model revealed that predictor variables like education,religion,residence,knowledge on ways of HIV transmission and region play significant role in determining the dependent variable. As a result,all predictor variables were strongly associated with the dependent variable. Regarding the fit of the model,support for the continuation of FGM,decreased with increase in education status. Furthermore,Muslim among other religions,and Somali and Afar among other regions,were more likely to support for the continuation of FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

September 8, 2023

Factors associated with the condoning of female genital mutilation among university students (2001)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Allam M,J. de Irala-Estevez,R. Fernández-Crehuet Navajas,A. Serrano del Castillo,J Hoashi,M. Pankovich,and J. Rebollo Liceaga FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To gain insight into what beliefs or knowledge are conducive to supporting FGM Study Population: University students in Cairo Findings: Twenty-eight percent of the students were in favor of FGM. The most significant factors associated with the condoning of FGM were believing FGM had a religious basis (OR=2.53),disagreeing that FGM is a custom with no other basis (OR=2.59),not believing it is harmful (OR=4.11),and ignoring that it is usually followed by complications (OR=5.14). Even in an educated population,a considerable amount of ignorance concerning FGM existed. Widespread education about FGM was important to dispel the myths that surrounded its practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Factors associated with the practice and attitude toward gavage and Female Genital Mutilation in Mauritania (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ouldzeidoune Naceredine FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To establish the prevalence of force-feeding (gavage ) and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) practices among women in Mauritania. Study Population: Men and women age 15 to 59 Findings: Almost a quarter (23%) of women reported being force-fed as a child,and 32% of women and 29% of men approved the continuation of the practice. Gavage is almost exclusively practiced among white Moors. The overall prevalence of FGM was 77% but varied depending on ethnicity. The majority of both female and male respondents favored the continuation of the practice (64% and 70%,respectively). Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Mauritania Source

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden (2017)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wahlberg ,A.,Johnsdotter,S.,Selling,K. E.,Källestål,C. & Essén,B. FGM/C Type(s): IV Health area of focus: None. Objective: The aim was to explore factors associated with being supportive of pricking among Somalis in Sweden Study Population: Somali men and women aged 18+ Findings: Those more likely to support the continuation of pricking were older,originally from rural areas,and newly arrived in Sweden. Further,those who reported that they thought pricking was: acceptable,according to their religion (aOR: 10.59,95% CI: 5.44–20.62); not a violation of children’s rights (aOR: 2.86,95% CI: 1.46–5.61); and did not cause long-term health complications (aOR: 5.52,95% CI: 2.25–13.52) had higher odds of supporting pricking. Religion was strongly associated with the support of pricking among both genders. However,for men,children’s rights and the definition of pricking as FGC or not were important aspects in how they viewed pricking,while,for women,health complications and respectability were important. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):Sweden Source

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – A cross-sectional study in Sweden. (2017)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wahlberg,A.,Johnsdotter,S.,Ekholm Selling,K.,Källestål,C.,& Essén,B. FGM/C Type(s): IV Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To explore important factorsfor supporting the continuation of pricking amongSomalis in Sweden Study Population: Somali men and women over 18 years of age living in Sweden Findings: Those more likely to support the continuation of pricking were older,originally from rural areas,and newlyarrived in Sweden. Further,those who reported that they thought pricking was: acceptable,according to theirreligion (aOR: 10.59,95% CI: 5.44–20.62); not a violation of children’s rights (aOR: 2.86,95% CI: 1.46–5.61); and didnot cause long-term health complications (aOR: 5.52,95% CI: 2.25–13.52) had higher odds of supporting pricking.Religion was strongly associated with the support of pricking among both genders. However,for men,children’srights and the definition of pricking as FGC or not were important aspects in how they viewed pricking,while,forwomen,health complications and respectability were important Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):Sweden Source

Factors determining whether Ethiopian women support continuation of female genital mutilation (2009)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Masho S W,Matthews L FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the factors influencing the opinions of women about whether female genital mutilation (FGM) should continue in Ethiopia Study Population: Women Findings: Women who believed that FGM should continue were more likely to be aged 15-24years,rural residents; Muslim; married; uneducated; circumcised; and had no exposure to mass media Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ERADICATION PROJECTS AMONG GABRA COMMUNITY IN MARSABIT COUNTY,KENY (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Gubal,D. S.,& Mbugua,J.   FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study focused on identifying factors influencing the performance of female genital mutilation eradication projects among Gabra community in Bubisa location,Marsabit County. The study specifically focused on the influence of cultural beliefs,community awareness,level of income and community participation on performance of genital mutilation eradication projects Study Population: The population of the study comprised of 327 employees including; projects managers,project officers and field officers in Marsabit County. A sample of 177 was calculated using a formula by Kothari (2004) Findings: The study found that marriageability,rite of passage,level of education,literacy level,level of income,project ownership and community contribution influenced performance of female genital mutilation eradication projects in Marsabit County to a great extent. The study concluded that that community participation had the greatest influence on the performance of FGM eradication projects among the Gabra community,followed by level of income,then cultural beliefs while community awareness had the least influence to the performance of FGM eradication projects among the Gabra community Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Factors influencing the practice of female genital mutilation among women: a case of kajiado west constituency,kajiado county,kenya (2015)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Samson Tirike Seketian FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To establish the influence of traditional beliefs on the practices of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM); to assess the influence of illiteracy level on the practices of FGM; to establish the influence of sensitization on the practice of FGM; and to determine the influence of religion on the practice of FGM in Kajiado West Constituency Study Population: men,women,leaders and advocacy experts Findings: The result indicate that,Women are given the respect they deserve after undergoing FGM. Also a woman is considered mature,obedient and aware of her role in the family and society if they undergo that practice. The second objective was to establish the influence of literacy levels on the practices of FGM in Kajiado West Constituency. Most of the respondent accepted that the issue of illiteracy has an impact in the influence of Female Genital Mutilation practice. Education inadequacy then is the cause of FGM practice. Skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in enhancing socioeconomic change. The third objective was to establish influence of community sensitization on the practice of FGM in Kajiado West Constituency. The community needs organizations and individual as well who can enlighten the entire community that,FGM is harmful to our young girls. This will enhance awareness and education programs among members of the community. The fourth objective was to establish the influence of religious factors on the practice of FGM in Kajiado West Constituency. Religion should introduce appropriate social measures and 68 legislation,complemented by effective advocacy and awareness. Civil society forms an integral part of this enabling environment. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Factors influencing the practice of female genital mutilation in kenya: a case study of Gachuba division,Nyamira county (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Everline Bosibori Moranga FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To find out the justification for the persistence of FGM among the Kisii community; to establish the efforts towards eliminating the practice of FGM among the Kisii; to investigate the issues and challenges facing the practice of FGM among the Kisii and To find out peoples knowledge of the law concerning FGM Study Population: male and female Findings: In the sample 74.2 percent had circumcised their daughters whereas 25.8 percent had not. The study found that most of the respondents had indeed had undertaken their daughters through FGM. The persistence of FGM was attributed to traditional / cultural beliefs. The study found that 76.2 percent of respondents had undergone FGM willingly compared to 23.8 percent who were forced. This was enhanced through socialization within the community that reinforces the stereotypes against uncircumcised girls or women and thus a girl will choose to undergo the process so as to avoid mocking from the community and their peers. In regard to the effect of FGM the study found that 51.5 percent indicated excessive bleeding,2.0 percent were obstructed labour,and 7.9 percent were sexual complications and 38.6 percent. Anti – FGM campaigns were the major source of information on FGM as indicated by 48.5 percent,health centers were 5.0 percent,radio announcements were 1.0 percent and personal experience was 45.5 percent. The study found that government agencies were the most popular facilitators of FGM as cited among 38.6 percent of the sample,non – governmental organizations were 6.9 percent,religious organizations were 46.5 percent,women groups were 4.0 percent,radio broadcasts were 2.0 percent and community based organizations (CBOs) were 1.0 percent. Findings indicate there is a high level of awareness on the law concerning the practice of FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Factors promoting and hindering the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Berg RC,Denison E,Fretheim A FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: . Objective: To determine factors promoting and hindering the practice of FGM/C,as expressed by stakeholders residing in Western countries Study Population: Immigrants from communities where FGM/C is practiced,health workers,and government officials. With respect to members of communities practicing FGM/C (n= 1,709),about 80% of the participants were women and about 20% men. Findings: The results showed that there were six key factors perceived as promoting and four key factors perceived as hindering the practice of FGM/C. We found that the continuance of FGM/C was largely attributable to culturaltradition,the interconnected factors sexual morals and marriageability,religion,health benefits,and male sexual enjoyment. The belief that FGM/C was an important cultural tradition was the most influential factor. The practice was seen as deeply rooted in the communities’ social systems and the compulsory nature of FGM/C was reflected in community mechanisms enforcing it. Further,FGM/C was perceived as a cornerstone of moral standards,the maintenance of which helped to ensure the marriageability of women. As a fourth important factor influencing the continuation of FGM/C,the practice was commonly expressed as a duty according to the religion of Islam. Health benefits and male sexual enjoyment (the latter was a perception among women only and refuted by men) were less influential factors reported in the included studies. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source