Effects of Schooling on Female Genital Cutting The Case of Kenya (2014)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Frikk Hugo Bø Nesje FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: Study whether increased educational attainment for a sample of women born between 1950 and 1980 has had any effect on the probability that the genitals of their eldest daughter have been cut Study Population: All data at the individual level comes from the three last rounds of the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS). These survey rounds are undertaken in the years 1998,2003,and 2008 to 2009 Findings: This change accounts for 11 % of the sample mean. Because educational attainment is measured with some noise,focused on the intention-to-treat effect by estimating a reduced-form model. On average,the reform led to a decrease in the probability that the eldest daughter of respondents was cut. This compares to 16 % of the sample mean. Demonstrated that the results might be consistent with an intra-household bargaining narrative. This finding differs from that of UNICEF (2013) where the role of family dynamics is downplayed. Because the intention-to-treat effect is heterogeneous across ethnic groups,the intra-household bargaining narrative might be consistent with convention theories since marriage markets are overlapping. My findings challenge the current practice by the policy community. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

September 8, 2023

Egyptian activism against female genital cutting as catachrestic claiming (2013)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Van Raemdonck FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To look at the epistemological-ontological nexus of assumptions underlying the global anti-FGM/C campaign Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Not stated Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Egyptian ever-married women’s attitude toward discontinuation of female genital cutting (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Afifi M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine Egyptian ever-married women’s beliefs and attitude toward the discontinuation of female genital cutting (FGC) and examine the significant sources of information which the women with positive attitude were exposed to the year prior to the survey Study Population: Women Findings: The study found out that only 12.4 percent of the sample intended to discontinue the practice. The logistic regression models showed that women with a positive attitude to discontinue the practice believed that FGC was not an important part of religious traditions,that husbands did not prefer a cut wife,and that FGC reduced sexual desire. The most significant sources of information related to a positive attitude to discontinue the practice were community discussions,the mosques or churches and the newspapers Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Egyptian women’s perspectives on female genital mutilation (2016)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Mohamed Alaa FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore the perspectives and attitudes of Egyptian women towards the act of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Study Population: Women Findings: The study the participants who followed FGM practices all had guidelines to determine whether or not they had FGM/C performed on their daughters. These included cleanliness,the size of the girl’s clitoris,and FGM/C as protection. The concepts of tradition and class overlapped frequently in all the remarks made by participants,often times with ‘traditional’ intermittently changed with lower-class. While none of the participants knew the exact origin of FGM/C in Egypt,many had speculations; some called it an Arab norm that has simply been exaggerated,others linked it to African tradition. Those who still practice FGM/C,as well as some who don’t cited religion as the origination of FGM. Those who don’t follow the practice called FGM/C in a religious context outdated,an idea that does not apply to modern day society. Many also cited education,or lacktherof,as a means of FGM propagation. Women who perceived FGM/C as negative often talked about the psychological consequences of FGM,whereas those who were for it did not bring this topic up. Others,including those who practice FGM,commented on the role of FGM in a woman’s marriage,and specifically,the negative impacts FGM has on sexual pleasure. The final theme was the future role of FGM/C in Egyptian women’s lives. Some,who saw the country as overwhelmingly poor and uneducated,were not convinced of any future changes in the high FGM rates. Those who saw the country as becoming less traditional and more educated reported the opposite Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Egyptian women’s attitudes and beliefs about female genital cutting and its association with childhood maltreatment (2007)

This study is a Correlation research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Afifi Mustafa,Margareta Von Bothmer FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To establish Egyptian women’s attitudes and beliefs about female genital cutting (FGC) or mutilation Study Population: Women Findings: The study found that off the women surveyed 16.4% and 3.4% had been exposed to physical and sexual violence,respectively,during the year prior to the survey. Around 76% of the women surveyed intended to continue the FGM/C practice,and 69.8% had slapped or hit their children during the year prior to the survey. Holding positive beliefs about the practice of FGC or intending to continue it was associated with maternal physical abuse and this has significant implications for health and welfare workers in Egypt and for society in general Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Elongation of the labia minora and Use of Vaginal Products to Enhance Eroticism: Can These Practices be Considered FGM? (2008)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Brigitte Bagnol,Esmeralda Mariano FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of the interviewees concerning the benefits or consequences of vaginal practices on the women’s reproductive and sexual health Study Population: Men and women Findings: The data collected strongly demonstrate that the practices under study (elongation of the labia minora,use of vaginal products or ingestion of potions to modify the condition of the vagina) do not constitute mutilation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Mozambique Source

Embodiment,Pain,and Circumcision in Somali-Canadian Women (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Glazer,Emily FGM/C Type(s): III Health area of focus: Embodiment,Pain. Objective: Aimed to explore this possibly primarily through subjective reports of pain and secondarily,by objective measures of pain including hyperalgesia localized to the vulvar region,and survey reports of multiple regions of pain (in the vulvar region or globally Study Population: Women who underwent FGC in Somalia before moving to Canada Findings: All participants stated that they had Pharaonic circumcision or infibulation (Type III) and were completely or partially de-infibulated for marriage (sexual intercourse) and/or childbirth. Women used terms like ―opened‖ or ―closed‖ to describe de/infibulation,while one woman described herself as ―repaired.‖ This was confirmed upon physical examination. Of thirty-seven total births in the group,eighteen births were delivered by C-section (48.6%). The modal age of FGC was seven years old; three women could not recall the precise ages (―9 or 10‖) so an average for the group was not obtained. Pain conveyed in the interviews The assessments described among different readers above granted a common sense of what degree,amount or nature of pain was conveyed in each interview. As an outcome of our grading system,five women were labeled ―zero/average‖,three women ―one/ache‖,two women ―two/hurt‖ and four women ―three/pain.‖ Nine women,therefore,were present on the pain-hurtache spectrum. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):Canada Source

Empirical Determinants of Female Genital Cutting: Evidence From The Gambia (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Tara Steinmetz FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To develop an understanding of why the practice (of FGM) persists in order to try to effectively foment change Study Population: Gambian women Findings: The results from the study seemed to provide significant support for feminist theory,as well as strong support for convention theory. Modernization theory,however,did not seem to be particularly relevant to explaining the persistence of FGC in The Gambia. Ultimately,any single model could not have been adequate to capture the complex set of factors which predicted whether or not a Gambian woman would support female genital cutting Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Gambia Source

Empirical linkages between female genital mutilation and multiple sexual partnership: Evidence from the 2018 Mali and 2013 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Surveys (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ahinkorah,B.,Hagan,J.,Seidu,A.,Budu,E.,Armah-Ansah,E.,Adu,C. and Yaya,S. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study examined the linkages between FGM and multiple sexual partnership in Mali and Sierra Leone – two African countries with a high prevalence of FGM Study Population: Women from DHS samples Findings: In Mali,women who had not undergone FGM were less likely to have multiple sexual partners (aOR=0.60,CI=0.38–0.96) compared with those who had undergone FGM. In Sierra Leone,women who had undergone FGM (aOR=1.15,CI=1.02–1.30) were more likely to have multiple sexual partners compared with those who had not undergone FGM. Age,level of education,wealth quintile,sex of household head,community socioeconomic status,mass media exposure,and community literacy level were found to be associated with the likelihood of multiple sexual partnership among women in Mali and Sierra Leone. Comprehensive,age-group-based risk-reduction strategies,such as abstinence education and decision-making skills (assertiveness) training,are needed to reduce girls’ and young women’s engagement in multiple sexual partnerships. Policy interventions,such as anti-FGM legislation and initiatives like the ‘Schooling for the Female Child’ initiative aimed at reducing social inequality among girls and women,might help decrease FGM and the likelihood of health-compromising behaviours like multiple sexual partnership. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Mali,Sierra Leone Source

EMPOWERING GIRLS THROUGH CREDO PROGRAM Preventing Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya (2021)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Karjalainen M. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The objective of the study was to gain insight into the experiences of the Kenyan girls about Credo program in relation to their health,well-being and future perspectives. The aim was on the multidimensional and holistic health and well-being needs of girls,and the possibilities that being well can bring to one’s future. Study Population: The sample consisted of eight girls from Credo program Findings: The findings indicate that according to the Kenyan girls’ experiences,poverty,low educational level of their parents in the rural villages,and social expectations were risk factors leading to the threat of FGM and childhood marriages. Credo program improved the health and well-being of the girls by supporting their personal development,as well as spiritual and social life,leading to increased contentment and happiness in life. Education was important for the girls to achieve a better future. Education was also significant in improving the possibilities for the girls to be accepted as mature,respected and productive members in their community,and act as positive agents towards ending FGM. The findings suggest that underlying and multidimensional factors including economic,social and cultural aspects matter and affect the overall health and well-being needs of girls. These factors are important to keep in mind when trying to help girls comprehensively to achieve their subjective good quality life. Furthermore,girls at risk of undergoing FGM need holistic support; physical,psychological,social and spiritual in order to be able to be well in their lives,to have the possibilities to achieve their goals,and reach their full potential in the society. Interventions focused on educating girls can be used to empower girls,but education also has an important role in the elimination of FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source