Circumcision revisited: a universal practice (2011)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Boukari Safoura FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To look at how female genital cutting set in the conceptual framework of socio-cultural practices and female body appropriation,despite the casualties,and psychological trauma women go through,and the official ban in most countries,the practice of female genital cutting,or mutilation(FGC/FGM) has continued throughout history and its dangers are still haunting countless of young girls today with staggering numbers of more than ten million women having already undergone the practice worldwide Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: Based on the assumptions and the resistance to bringing significant changes in people‘s minds and behavior toward what we have come to label as violence and abuse,the progressive educational campaign on the issue may be the most viable strategy to touching family members to stop the practice Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

September 8, 2023

Circumcision’,culture,and health-care provision in Tower Hamlets,London (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Joan Cameron & Karen Rawlings Anderson FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To assess whether British health services meet Somali women’s health-care needs Study Population: The somali community in Tower hamlets Findings: The research found that reasons given to justify female circumcision mirror those used in the UK to justify episiotomy in childbirth. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom Source

Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes of 19 Patients Undergoing Clitoral and Labial Reconstruction After Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Christopher,A.N.,Othman,S.,Morris,M.P. et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Assesment of clinical and patient-reported outcomes after FGM/C reconstruction to help guide treatment practices.. Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess clinical and patient-reported outcomes after FGM/C reconstruction to help guide treatment practices. Study Population: Adult patients undergoing anatomic reconstruction after FGM/C  Findings: Nineteen patients were identified in our review. Patients presented for reconstruction due to dyspareunia,inability to orgasm,chronic infections,to normalize appearance,and/or to “feel normal.” There were no SSOs and two revision operations for adhesions. 74% of patients completed the FSFI postoperatively. Despite most patients seeking repair for inability to orgasm and/or dyspareunia,the median scores for these domains were 4.6 and 5.2. Patients’ desire to engage in sexual activity scored lowest (3.9),and patients reported concerns over the appearance of their genitalia (50%) that affected self-confidence (85.7%).Conclusion FGM/C reconstruction is safe and contributes to improvements in physical sexual health. Psychological trauma may contribute to lessened sexual desire and self-confidence even after reconstruction. Multidisciplinary treatment is important to address the long-term psychological effects of this practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source

Clinical characteristics of well women seeking labial reduction surgery: a prospective study (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): NS Crouch,R Deans,L Michala,L-M Liao,and SM Creighton FGM/C Type(s): IV Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess clinical characteristics and expectations in well women requesting elective labial reduction surgery Study Population: Women attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic Findings: All 33 women presenting for labial reduction were included in the study and the mean age was 23 years (range 11–45 years). Twenty-eight women (84%) self-identified as white,two as black (6%),one as Asian (3%),one as southeast Asian (3%) and one as mixed race (3%). Eight participants (24%) were aged 16 or under (all of whom were in full-time education). Of the 25 women who were aged 17 or above,two (8%) had no qualifications,ten (40%) had GCSEs,and 13 (52%) had (or were pursuing) tertiary education. Twenty-two (66%) of the participants were single,ten (30%) were in a relationship and one (3%) did not give information. Five (15%) of the participants had children. Most of the women (29; 87%) were referred by their general practitioner,two (6%) were referred by obstetric and gynaecology registrars,and two (6%) by a consultant paediatric endocrinologist. None of the participants had undergone previous labial surgery but one woman had undergone two cosmetic rhinoplasties and breast augmentation surgery. In terms of previous mental health history,four (12%) reported having been psychological services users in the past,and one (3%) had received psychiatric treatment. Eleven (33%) of the participants reported having seen advertisements for FGCS,five (15%) reported having looked up medical illustrations and four (12%) reported having viewed pornography. When asked what they would like to achieve with surgery,20 (60%) women stated a wish to make the labia smaller to ‘improve’ appearance,six (18%) to reduce discomfort,three (9%) to improve confidence,two (6%) to improve experience of coitus,one (3%) to ‘make clean’,and one (3%) said she was seeking advice about the need for surgery (see Figure 2). Nineteen of 31 women (61%) who answered the question reported having never been sexually active with a partner. In three women there was significant labial asymmetry and surgery was offered. In all other women,all labial dimensions were within the normal range. It was therefore surprising that all of the study participants and their referring doctors felt that surgery was an appropriate treatment. Despite reassurances that their labia were normal,40% of the participants remained keen to pursue surgery by any other available route. The study concludes that many women seeking labial reduction surgery have normal genitalia that are not different from those of women not seeking surgery. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom,United Kingdom Source

Clinical Decision Making: A Cross‐Sectional Survey (2011)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Welmoed Reitsma, Marian J.E. Mourits, Merel Koning, Astrid Pascal, Berend van der Lei FGM/C Type(s): IV Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the influencing factor of personal predisposition in general practitioners,gynecologists,and plastic surgeons to labia minora appearance in relation to their willingness to refer for,or perform,a surgical labia minora reduction Study Population: Physicians(Primary care: general practitioners and Secondary care: gynecologists and plastic surgeons) Findings: A total of 164/210 (78.1%) physicians completed the questionnaire,consisting of 80 general practitioners,41 gynecologists,and 43 plastic surgeons (96 males,68 females). Ninety percent of all physicians believed,to a certain extent,that a vulva with very small labia minora represented society’s ideal (2–5 on the Likert scale). More plastic surgeons regarded the picture with the largest labia minora as distasteful and unnatural,compared with general practitioners and gynecologists (P 

Clinical,Sexual and Psychopathological Changes after Clitoral Reconstruction in a Type II Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Case Report (2019)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Mestre-Bach,G.,Tolosa-Sola,I.,Barri-Soldevila,P.,Jiménez-Bonora,M.,Lasheras,G.,& Farré,J. M. FGM/C Type(s): II Health area of focus: Obstetrics,Gynecology,and Reproduction (Female sexuality,mental health and genital selfimage). Objective: The aim was to assess sexual function,psychopathology and genital self-image in a type II FGM/C patient Study Population: 26-year old woman who has undergone Type II FGM/C Findings: Findings uphold that FGM/C reconstructive surgery can lessen psychopathological and sexual distress,although more research is needed in order to increase awareness of the potential benefits of genital reconstruction and to perfect the surgery procedures Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clinical,Sexual and Psychopathological Changes after Clitoral Reconstruction in a Type II Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Case Report (2019)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): G Mestre-Bach,I Tolosa-Sola,P Barri-Soldevila,M Jimenez-Bonora,G Lasheras,J Farre. FGM/C Type(s): II Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: to assess sexual funcion,psychopathology and genital self-image in type ii FGM/C patient. Study Population: women,healthcare professionals Findings: FGM/C reconstructive surgery can lessen psychopathological and sexual distress. Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Spain Source

Clitoral Cyst Complicating Neonatal Female Circumcision in a 6 Years Old Child: A Management Plan to Delay Surgical Excision Until Puberty (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding Not specified FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Edeh,A. J.,Anekpo,C. C.,Eze,B. U.,& Chukwubuike,K. E FGM/C Type(s): Not specified Health area of focus: Gynecological. Objective: Among many traditional African societies,including the Ibos of south eastern Nigeria,ritual circumcision has a strong irrational bias and many parents continue to believe in old myths or conjure up new ones to justify this practice. Despite the implementation of laws prohibiting female genital mutilation/cutting Among many traditional African societies,including the Ibos of south eastern Nigeria,ritual circumcision has a strong irrational bias and many parents continue to believe in old myths or conjure up new ones to justify this practice. Despite the implementation of laws prohibiting female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C),this practice is still performed on nearly 2-3 million women annually [1,2]. We report a case of an unfortunate 6-year-old child who had neonatal ritual circumcision in Enugu,Nigeria. This was complicated by a small clitoral cyst which is asymptomatic but worries the parents. To prevent further physical and psychological trauma to this child we advised delay of excision surgery until puberty unless the cyst becomes complicated Study Population: 4 year old female child Findings: The parents of this child are well educated. They are aware that ritual female circumcision is no longer accepted by all but believe that it helps to induce chastity especially in this age of unrestricted exposure of children to promiscuous information. This belief is strengthened by the perceived consequences should there be an adolescent pregnancy: unsafe abortions,loss of education,early marriage or children out of marriage. Other reasons for embracing circumcision include social acceptance,the safeguard of virginity before marriage,the promotion of marriageability [5,10] rite of passage to adulthood,as part of history or cultural tradition of the specific ethic group [5]. Traditional medical practices and beliefs enjoy a lot of patronage in Nigeria and across various educational and social strata [11]. These are commonest in bone setting,and traditional birth attendants who incedantally are the ritual circurmcisers. In African,FGM/C is still a deeply entrenched social norm and its eradication appears slow and difficult. In this regard continued advocacy,legal frameworks and measures to address the underlying sociocultural traditions and problems (sex education,family planning and legalized abortion) will eventually abolish this practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Clitoral inclusion cyst: a complication of type I female genital mutilation (2004)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding I FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): WC Yoong,R Shakya,BT Sanders & J Lind FGM/C Type(s): I Health area of focus: Clitoral inclusion cyst. Objective: Study Population: A 29-year-old Somalian woman Findings: After catheterisation with an indwelling Foley’s catheter,the cyst was excised under general anaesthesia by making a vertical incision in the skin,following which the excessive skin was trimmed and the edges approximated. There were no complications following surgery and she was discharged on the second postoperative day. Histology confirmed an epidermal clitoral cyst and follow-up 3 months later showed no recurrence of the condition. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Somalia Source

Clitoral neuroma after female genital mutilation/cutting: a rare but possible event (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abdulcadir Jasmine,Marc Pusztaszeri,Raquel Vilarino,Jean‐Bernard Dubuisson,and Anne‐Thérèse Vlastos FGM/C Type(s): III Health area of focus: Gynaecological (posttraumatic neuroma of the clitoris). Objective: To describe the case of a patient presenting a clitoral neuroma post-FGM/C in detail and her successful multidisciplinary treatment. Study Population: A case complaining of primary dysmenorrhea and a post-mutilation painful clitoral mass. Findings: One month after surgical treatment,the vulvar pain was over Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe Country(ies):Switzerland Source