Clitoral Pain and Dyspareunia after Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Case Report (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abdulcadir,J.,Manin,E.,& Huber,D. FGM/C Type(s): I,IV Health area of focus: Gynecological. Objective: The present case study details the presentation and successful treatment of a woman with a form of FGM/C without cutting of the clitoris who experienced clitoral pain and superficial dyspareunia in the clitoral area. Study Population: A 23-year-old nulligravida Somali woman with a history of FGM/C during childhood Findings: This case study addresses two current research gaps: long term complications of FGM/C that does not involve cutting of the clitoris,and treatments for pain after FGM/C. We also establish that painful incarceration of the clitoral glans is a possible long-term consequence of FGM/C and that pain is successfully treated by lysing the adhesions around the clitoral glans. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe Country(ies):Switzerland Source

September 8, 2023

Clitoral Reconstruction After Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Review of Surgical Techniques and Ethical Debate (2020)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): F Mohamed FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: to summarize the medical literature regarding clitoral reconstruction and stimulate ethical discussions surounding potential advers impacts on women who udergo the procedure. Study Population: women Findings: no reports were found discussing ethical implications Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation/cutting: case studies (2015)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding II,III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abdulcadir J,Rodriguez MI,Petignat P,Say L FGM/C Type(s): II,III Health area of focus: Gynaecological. Objective: To present the care offered and clinical outcomes of two women who received multidisciplinary care,including psychosexual treatment,with clitoral reconstruction in addition to reporting their long‐term outcomes,and the histology of the removed periclitoral fibrosis Study Population: Women Findings: The study shows a positive outcome in pain reduction and improved sexual function,self body image,and gender after psychosexual therapy and clitoral reconstruction. More evidence is needed about clitoral reconstruction to develop guidelines on best practices. Until research is conducted that rigorously evaluates clitoral reconstruction for its impact on pain and sexuality,we advise always offering a multidisciplinary care,including sexual therapy before and after the surgery Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoral Reconstruction Using a Vaginal Graft After Female Genital Mutilation (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Mañero,I.,& Labanca,T. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Objective: The study aimed to describe a novel surgical technique for clitorolabial reconstruction using a vaginal graft. Study Population: Women with mutilated genitals who requested reconstructive surgery Findings: The total Female Sexual Function Index improved from 16 prior to surgery to 29 following surgery. Similarly,the Female Self-Image Genital Scale improved from 11 to 23. Clitoral repair following genital mutilation was connected with enhanced sexual function and impression of genital aesthetics. Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Europe Country(ies):Spain Source

Clitoral Reconstructive Surgery After Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Anatomy,Technical Innovations and Updates of the Initial Technique (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Botter C,Sawan D,SidAhmed-Mezi M,et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Gynaecological. Objective: This article aims to provide a detailed description of clitoral surgical reconstruction and the modifications which have been made over time to improve the procedure while recalling current knowledge in the anatomy of the clitoris. Study Population: studies that report the surgical technique of clitoral reconstruction Findings: This was a review of the surgical techniques for clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation/cutting. It described the current anatomical knowledge about the clitoris,and the procedures based on the surgical technique by Pierre Foldès, the technical modifications and contributions described in articles published subsequently was included.Surgical repair of the clitoris for FGM offers anatomical and functional results although they still have to be evaluated. However,it should not be the only therapeutic solution offered to women with FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoral/Reconstruction/ Transposition after female genital mutilation/ Cutting: Differences in access,refunding,technique,care and outcomes (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Abdulcadir,J. & Petignat,P. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Clitoral,Reconstruction,andTransposition. Objective: The study aimed to review the evidence on access,care,surgical techniques,practices and outcomes of clitoral surgery,called reconstruction or transposition,after female genital mutilation/ cutting (FGM/C). Study Population: Relied on the published/ grey literature and current practices. Findings: Two systematic reviews on the risks and advantages of persistent pain/dyspareunia,sexual pleasure,and clitoral appearance determined that the evidence on the safety and effectiveness of clitoral surgery following FGM/C is ambiguous. The results of a systematic study of surgical and non-surgical treatments for pain following FGM/C were negative. Due to a lack of evidence,the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the World Health Organization did not include clitoral reconstruction/transposition in their guidelines for the management of complications of FGM/C. In three distinct specialties — urology (Foldès),gynecology (Ouedraogo),and plastic surgery (O’Dey and Chang et al.) — four distinct more or less invasive surgical procedures are outlined. A scoping analysis of therapies to address sexual function following FGM/C and four case series demonstrated that,when multidisciplinary care is available,only 16 to 20 percent of women who originally desire surgery actually undergo it. Non-surgical treatments,including knowledge on clitoral anatomy and function and psychosexual therapy,meet the needs of women. Current indications for clitoral reconstruction include enhancing sexual function,lowering dyspareunia or chronic discomfort,recovering an uncut genital look,and reclaiming female gender identity. In many countries with high and low incomes,clitorectal surgery following FGM/C is neither reimbursable nor accessible,and expertise in the technique is uncommon. In nations such as Belgium,clitoral surgery is only reimbursed in two national,multidisciplinary referral clinics where women receive both surgical and non-surgical treatments. In some countries,such as France and Switzerland,any trained surgeon may do clitoral surgery in both public and private clinics,with or without psychosexual treatment. Women who want clitoral repair or transposition should be informed of the paucity of data and the efficacy of non-surgical treatments in conjunction with or without surgery. Multidisciplinary care should precede and accompany surgical procedures. In order to improve the treatments and information provided to women,additional multicenter and interprofessional research on surgical and non-surgical care is required. It is recommended renaming the procedure clitoral re-exposition instead of reconstruction/transposition to make it clear to patients that the clitoris is present behind the scar of FGM/C and that the surgery uncovers it. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoridal Inclusion Cyst Following Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting – A Case Report (2020)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): O IB,O PC FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: to evaluate epithelial inclusion cyst that results as a complication from female genita mutilation/cutting. Study Population: women Findings: a 27 years woman was presented to the clinic with a 15 years history of progressing swelling in the perinium. She was circumcised at the age of 10 years. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoridal reconstruction after female circumcision (2011)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Quilichini J,Burin Des Roziers B,Daoud G,Cartier S FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Urinary. Objective: To discuss the principles,results and key points of a reconstructive surgical technique described by the French urologist Pierre Foldès Study Population: 1 medical procedure Findings:  A simple,reliable and reproductible reconstructive surgical technique described by the French urologist Pierre Foldès was explained Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Clitoridectomy,Female Genital Cutting Practices,and Law (2016)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Wade Lisa FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: . Objective: Study Population: Findings: Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Cognitive behavioral therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder,depression,or anxiety disorders in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review. (2017)

This study is a Systematic Review regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Adelufosi,A.,Edet,B.,Arikpo,D.,Aquaisua,E.,& Meremikwu,M. M. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy among individuals living with any type of FGM and diagnosed to have PTSD,depression,or anxiety disorders. Study Population: relied on literature Findings: There are no included studies. Future studies need to look beyond establishing the prevalence and correlates of FGM to conducting well-designed,randomized controlled studies or well-designed interventional observational studies for the management of the psychological consequences of women and girls living with FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source