Dynamics of decision-making and change in the practice of female genital mutilation in the Gambia and Senegal (2010)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research,Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To improve the understanding of the dynamics of decision-making,and to assess the correspondence of these dynamics to theories of behaviour change Study Population: Women,Men Findings: The study found that the decisions about FGM/C are usually made by multiple family members,including most often mothers,fathers,grandparents and aunts. Fathers were generally less supportive of the continuation of FGM/C than mothers,and were often involved in decisions where daughters remained uncut. The research found that in the Gambia and Senegal FGM/C was not strongly linked to concerns about marriage factor for the continuation of FGM/C was an intergenerational peer convention and peer pressure among women. FGM/C served as a signal to other women that a girl or woman has been trained to be obedient,respects the authority of her cut elders and is worthy of inclusion in their network for social support Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Gambia,Senegal Source

September 8, 2023

Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Tordrup D,Bishop C,Green N,Petzold M,Vallejo FR,Vogel JP and Pallitto C FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Health complications of FGM are derived from a meta-analysis and stratified by acute,uro-gynaecological,obstetric and psychological/sexual. Objective: This study estimates the economic burden of FGM and the potential benefits of fully or partially abandoning the practice in 27 high-burden countries. This is achieved by determining the incremental risk of health complications in affected girls and women attributable to FGM; determining the costs of healthcare interventions for managing these complications; and estimating the avoidable cost from fully or partially abandoning the practice of FGM. Study Population: N/A Findings: The model projects an increasing burden of FGM due to population growth. As a reference scenario assuming no change in practices,prevalent cases in 27 countries will rise from 119.4 million (2018) to 205.8 million (2047). Full abandonment could reduce this to 80.0 million (2047),while partial abandonment is insufficient to reduce cases. Current incidence economic burden is US$1.4 billion/year,rising to US$2.1 billion/year in 2047. Full abandonment would reduce the future burden to US$0.8 billion/year by 2047.FGM is a human rights violation,a public health issue and a substantial economic burden that can be avoided through effective prevention strategies. While decreasing trends are observed in some countries,these trends are variable and not consistently observed across settings. Additional resources are needed to prevent FGM to avoid human suffering and growing costs. The findings of this study warrant increased political commitment and investment in the abandonment of FGM.What are the new findings? ► FGM is associated with increased risks of health complications that can span the life course and cost health systems an estimated 1.4 billion USD per year if reductions in the practice are not achieved. What do the new findings imply? ► Investment in prevention of FGM can substantially reduce the heatlh care costs of treating its complications,prevent suffering and improve the quality of life of women and girls at-risk of this harmful practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Middle Africa,Western Asia,Northern Africa Country(ies):Benin,Burkina Faso,Central African Republic,Côte d’Ivoire,Cameroon,Chad,Djibouti,Egypt,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Ghana,Guinea,Gambia,Guinea-Bissau,Iraq,Kenya,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,Nigeria,Sudan,Senegal,Sierra Leone,Somalia,Togo,United Republic of Tanzania,Yemen Source

Economic status,a salient motivator for medicalisation of FGM in sub-Saharan Africa: Myth or reality from 13 national demographic health surveys (2020)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): I Morhason-Bello,A Fagbamigbe,Y Kareem ,O Ojengbede FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to hypothesise if the risk of having medicalised FGM by girls and women is associated with the socio-economic status their household belongs Study Population: relied on 2010-2019 Demographic and Health surveys data Findings: from the analyses of data from eleven countries in SSA that FGM performed by healthcare workers had a direct relationship with the level of socioeconomic status irrespective of country of location and place of residence. Specifically,the report of FGM performed by health worker was commonest among women from the highest wealth quintiles compared to those with the poorest wealth quintiles. Similarly,medicalised FGM also had a direct relationship with the level of education of the women with the highest report among those with higher -post-secondary -education Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso,Côte d’Ivoire,Ethiopia,Gambia,Guinea,Kenya,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone,Tanzania,Togo Source

Effect of female genital mutilation on female sexual function,Alexandria,Egypt (2016)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Manal Ibrahim Hanafi Mahmoud FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Obstretic,sexual. Objective: To study female genital mutilation and its effect on female sexual function,Alexandria, Egypt 2013 Study Population: Findings: 73.9% of cases experienced dysmenorrhea (OR= 3.750),43.4% had obstructed labor (OR= 1.745) and 27.6% got postpartum hemorrhage (OR= 2.855). 48.9% of FGM was performed by dayas or midwives,91.2% performed at home,49.6% of type I,and 87.9% experienced complications. Cases had lower mean sexual function. 52.6% of cases were convinced with FGM. Study concluded that FGM was a risk factor for dysmenorrhea,obstructed labor and postpartum hemorrhage. Cases had lower mean sexual function; moreover,half of them convinced with FGM practice and with its continuation. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Effect of female genital mutilation/cutting on sexual functions (2016)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Biglu,M. H.,Farnam,A.,Abotalebi,P.,Biglu,S.,& Ghavami,M.  FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to investigate the effects of FGM/C on the female sexual function of married women compared to the non-circumcised women in Kurdistan province of Iran Study Population: 280 (140 circumcised; 140 uncircumcised) Findings: Sexual functions are severely affected by FGM Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Asia Country(ies):Iran Source

Effect of female genital mutilation/cutting on sexual functions (2016)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Biglu Mohammad-Hossein,Alireza Farnam,Parvaneh Abotalebi,Sahar Biglu,and Mostafa Ghavami FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Sexual. Objective: To investigate the effects of FGM/C on the female sexual function of married women compared to the non-circumcised women in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Study Population: married women (140 circumcised-women and 140 non-circumcised-women) who referred to the healthcare centers for vaccination,midwifery,or family planning services Findings: Of the circumcised women,51.4% reported circumcision procedures before the age of 3 years. Religion motivation (53.6%) was mentioned as the most important factor for the family leading to FGM/C. Almost all operations were performed by traditional circumcisers. Non-circumcised women had significantly higher Persian-FSFI total score (25.3 ± 4.34) compared to the circumcised women (17.9 ± 5.39). Sexual function in women with FGM/C is adversely altered. In Kurdistan province women,FGM/C is associated with reduction of scores of Persian-FSFI on all domain scores. Education in general and informing the people that FGM/C is not a religious Hadith certainly would have a great impact on the suffering of the women from FGM/C as well as the level of “desire,arousal,lubrication,orgasm,satisfaction,and pain in the sexual function of women”. Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Asia Country(ies):Iran Source

Effect of female genital mutilation/cutting; types I and II on sexual function: case-controlled study (2017)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding I,II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ismail,S. A.,Abbas,A. M.,Habib,D.,Morsy,H.,Saleh,M. A.,& Bahloul,M. FGM/C Type(s): I,II Health area of focus: None. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of type I and II FGM/C on sexual function of Egyptian women. Study Population: Women Findings: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) was observed in 83.8% of FGM/C cases compared to 64.5% of the control group. The total FSFI score was considerably lower in the FGM/C group (19.82 ± 7.1) than in the control group (23.34 ± 8.1). Regarding the types of FGM/C,type I accounted for 73.6% of cases and type II for 26.4%. Type I FGM/C was predominantly performed by physicians (62.1%),whereas type II was predominantly conducted by midwives (44.4 percent ). 83.4 percent of FGM/C I cases,and 84.6 percent of FGM/C II patients contained FSD. Except for the pain dimension,there was no statistically significant difference between the two forms of FGM/C in terms of total and individual domain scores. Except for the desire domain,total and individual domain scores were considerably lower in both FGM/C groups compared to the control group. In this study,FGM/C was associated with decreased FSFI scores across all areas,and both types I and II were linked to sexual dysfunction. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Effect of parental attitudes on the practice and medicalization of female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey,2015 (2022)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Aziz M,Elgibaly O,Ibrahim FE. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study examined the attitudes of both parents towards the FGM practice in Egypt,and highlighted the effect of fathers’ decision making and attitudes towards FGM and violence on FGM practice and medicalizatio Study Population: All individuals 1–59 included in that list were eligible for the individual survey interview Findings: A considerable proportion of EHIS girls; 16.4% were circumcised and 36% of girls were expected to be circumcised. More than two thirds of circumcised girls were circumcised by a physician; namely 67% and 13.5% by nurses. The majority of mothers (88.4%) and fathers (84.8%) believed that FGM practice should continue. They believed that FGM is a religious obligation (72.3% of mothers and 73% of fathers). Parents believed that husbands prefer a circumcised wife (81.1% and 82.5% of mothers and fathers respectively). Being in the poorest wealth quintile (OR = 4.2,p < 0.001) and living in rural Upper Egypt (OR = 4.55,p < 0.001) were the predictors of FGM practice,while medicalization was more likely among the rich and educated parents. Parents' attitudes supporting FGM was significantly associated with its practice (OR = 1.97,p < 0.001,for mothers and OR = 1.27,p < 0.001,for fathers). Rejecting violence against women was associated with less likelihood of practicing FGM (OR = 0.89,p < 0.05) and more likelihood of its medicalization (OR = 1.25,p < 0.01).Conclusion: More attention should be paid to enforce the laws against FGM practice by health care providers. Raising the community awareness on girls' human rights and elimination of FGM practice which is a severe form of violence against women and gender inequality in sexual rights should be prioritized with targeting men in FGM programs. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Effectiveness of health education as an intervention designed to prevent female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a systematic review (2018)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Waigwa,S.,Doos,L.,Bradbury-Jones,C.,& Taylor,J. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The review aimed to synthesise findings of studies about effectiveness of health education as an intervention to prevent FGM/C. Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: There were twelve separate studies included in the review. Seven studies employed quantitative methods,three qualitative approaches,and two combined methods. Six studies examined before and after the interventions,four studies evaluated the efficacy of previous interventions employed by various research teams,and two studies supported the intervention. Four major elements were found to influence the effectiveness of health education interventions: sociodemographic factors,socioeconomic factors,traditions and beliefs,and intervention design,structure,and delivery. It is crucial to target factors associated with enabling or impeding the efficacy of FGM/C health education. This enhances the likelihood of effective,collective changes in behavior and attitude that result in the long-term prevention of FGM/C and,ultimately,enhanced reproductive health and well-being for people and communities. Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Berg Rigmor C.,and Eva Denison FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To provide evidence on effectiveness of efforts to abandon FGM/C Study Population: Intervention evaluations from Africa Findings: Findings indicate that 19 of 49 outcomes (with baseline similarity) were significantly different at study level,mostly favoring the intervention,but results from four meta-analyses showed considerable heterogeneity. The limited effectiveness and weak overall quality of the evidence from the studies appear related to methodological limitations of the studies and shortcomings in the implementation of the interventions. Nevertheless,the findings point to possible advantageous developments from the interventions Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source