Physical and psychological sequelae of female genital mutilation: a case report (2004)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ibekwe C FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Psychophysical,Gynaecological. Objective: Study Population: A 17-year old,married,illiterate farmer who had complete labial fusion following circumcision  Findings: FGM carries very high morbidity. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

September 8, 2023

Physicians’ Attitude toward Female Genital Plastic Surgery: A Multinational Survey (2013)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding IV FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Lior Lowenstein,Andrea Salonia,Arik Shechter,Hartmut Porst,Andrea Burri,and Yacov Reisman FGM/C Type(s): IV Health area of focus: prevalence of demand for female genital plastic surgery (FGPS) . Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of demand for female genital plastic surgery (FGPS) and to explore the attitudes of sexual medicine specialists toward indications for FGPS Study Population: Attendees of the 2012 Annual Congress of the European Society for Sexual Medicine (ESSM) in Amsterdam,the Netherlands Findings: Overall,a total of 360 physicians (mean age 48 years; range 23–72) from different medical disciplines completed the survey. There were diverse responses among participants regarding the definition of abnormal labial appearance and the techniques for labial reduction they perform. Overall,65% responded that female genital plastic surgery (FGPS) was frequently or occasionally demanded by the patients they treated. Likewise,most physicians (63%) reported that they never perform FGPS. Conversely,only 14% reported that they either frequently or occasionally performed FGPS. Almost one-third of participants believed that FGPS (labial surgery) improved sexual function. Fifty-two percent of participants answered that they believed that self-image was the main reason for women to ask for labial surgery. Self-image was regarded as the main factor in the demand for FGPS Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe Country(ies):Netherlands Source

Pleasure and orgasm in women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) (2007)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Catania L, Abdulcadir O, Puppo V, Verde JB, Abdulcadir J, Abdulcadir D FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Sexual. Objective: To describe and analyze the results of four investigations on sexual functioning in different groups of cut women Study Population: Women,Girls Findings: The study found that the group of 137 women,affected by different types of FGM/C,reported orgasm in almost 86%,always 69.23%; 58 mutilated young women reported orgasm in 91.43%,always 8.57%; after defibulation 14 out of 15 infibulated women reported orgasm; the group of 57 infibulated women investigated with the FSFI questionnaire showed significant differences between group of study and an equivalent group of control in desire,arousal,orgasm,and satisfaction with mean scores higher in the group of mutilated women. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in lubrication and pain Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Plurality of Beliefs About Female Genital Mutilation amidst Decades of Intervention Programming in Narok and Kisii Counties,Kenya (2022)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Matanda,D.J,Kabiru,C.W,Okondo,C & Shell-Duncan,B. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to identify social norms surrounding the practice of female genital mutilation,as well as consensus or contestation with respect to these norms Study Population: Ten FGDs were held with men and women from Maasai and Abagusii families that have traditionally practised female genital mutilation. FGDs split into 18 to 35yrs and 36+ Findings: Findings showed that norms associated with female genital mutilation such as sexuality and marriageability were actively contested by community members. This change may provide a useful starting point for programmes that seek to create dialogue and critical reflection on female genital mutilation to accelerate its abandonment. In conclusion,our findings demonstrate that the lack of large-scale abandonment in the two communities does not mean that beliefs and attitudes associated with female genital mutilation are static. People are rethinking and reassessing female genital mutilation in light of changing social circumstances. This cultural heterogeneity may provide a useful starting point for programmes that seek to create dialogue and critical reflection on the practice of female genital mutilation and other harmful gender-related practices to accelerate their abandonment. Such dialogues if well-structured could lead to ‘organised diffusion’ whereby participantsshare their new knowledge,thoughts,and experiencessystematically with others in their social networks (Cislaghi et al. 2019). Critical reflection and community dialogue that include strategies to ensure a shift in gender relations and increase girls’ agency may be helpful. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Population Council-led Partnership Influences National Efforts to End FGM/C (2020)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): E Graamans,T Zolnikov,E Smet,P Nguura,L Leshore,S Have. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: to build evidence based of where,when and why FGM/C is practiced through explanatory analysis of existing survey datasets and qualitative studies among various populations at different stages of abandoning the practice. Asses a range of interventions to address FGM/C abandonment utilizing a blend of retrospective assessments and case studies of on going interventions. to understand the wider impact of FGM/C on the lives of girls and women,their families and the implications for gender norms and relations in abandoning the practice. to improve research on FGM/C by; addressing the challenges of ethically and accurately measuring prevalence and FGM/C status;improving the difination and measurement of social norms and norms changes. Study Population: families,health systems,legal practices,girls and women Findings: laes are necessary but require social legitimacy to be effective. The practice of FGM/C and it`s social and cultural underpinnings are changing. Understanding local variations in FGM/C is essential for focusing investments and tailoring abandonment programs Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Northern Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso,Egypt,Ethiopia,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,Somalia,Sudan Source

Post Genital Mutilation Giant Clitoral Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst in Benin City,Nigeria (2010)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Osarumwense David Osifo FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To report overall occurrence,and the mode of presentation and management of girls with post genital mutilation giant clitoral epidermoid inclusion cyst in an African subregion. Study Population: Female patients Findings:  Ignorance,financial constraints,and the fear of possible prosecution by anti-female genital mutilation agencies were reasons for late presentation. Consequently,rapid increase in size of all cysts (100%),mass effect producing dragging discomfort in the vulva of 14 (93.3%) girls,social stigmatization of 12 (80%) girls by peers and spouses,sexual difficulty experienced by 10 (66.7%),and irritating bulge in the perineum of 10 (66.7%) girls,were the most common indications for surgical consultation. Outcomes of cystectomy that included total clitoridectomy performed on on an outpatient basis mainly with local anesthesia were encouraging with no incidence of recurrence recorded on 1-4 years postoperative follow-up. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Postcircumcision epidermoid inclusion cyst of the vulva containing multiple stones (2005)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding III FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Al-Maghrabi J.,Kanaan H.,& Bondagji N FGM/C Type(s): III Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: To present a case of inclusion cyst of the vulva containing multiple stones following circumcision. Study Population: 31-year-old nulligravida Findings: On pelvic examination she was found to be circumcised,and there was an inclusion cyst in the midline at the site where the two labia majora were sutured together above the level of the introitus. The cyst was excised intact and sent for histopathologic evaluation. The gross histopathologic evaluation revealed a cystic structure measuring 4*3.8*3.5 cm and containing numerous stones that varied in size from 2 to 7 mm. The microscopic examination revealed an epidermal-type inclusion cyst that was lined with stratified squamous epithelium with no evidence of dysplastic changes. There were indentations in the epithelium caused by the pressure of the stones. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. A follow up visit after 1 year revealed no evidence of recurrence of the cyst. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Saudi Arabia Source

Post-circumcision giant epidermal clitoral inclusion cyst: Case report (2012)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): S Onwere,B Chigbu,E Akwuruoha,P Ndukwe,C Ndukwe,A Onwere FGM/C Type(s): II Health area of focus: Gynaecological. Objective: To describe a case of post-circumcision giant epidermal clitoral inclusion cyst including the aetiology,presentation,diagnosis,differential diagnosis,management and reason for its late presentation in a 35-year old married woman. Study Population: a case of post-circumcision giant epidermal clitoral inclusion cys Findings: Although a clitoral cyst is rare,it should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a female who had previously undergone female genital mutilation and subsequently presents with a clitoral mass. An increased awareness of epidermal clitoral inclusion cyst as a long term complication after type II FGM is necessary Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Post-circumcision inclusion dermoid cysts in three sisters (2009)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding I FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Saber Aly,and Gouda M. Ellabban FGM/C Type(s): I Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: Report of a young adult girl complaining of a painless swelling just above the vaginal introitus after being circumcised. The girl’s family history showed two sisters,22 and 23 years old,with the same complaint treated by the author 12 months before by simple excision of the swellings. Study Population: 21-year-old young adult girl complaining of a painless swelling just above the vaginal introitus Findings: The potential complications resulting from the procedure are numerous. One of the most important complications is epidermal inclusion cysts within the cicatrix. Cysts may involve the clitoris,the vulva,or the vagina according to the type of cutting Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

Postoperative pain after clitoral reconstruction in women with female genital mutilation: An evaluation of practices (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Bah M,Abdulcadir J,Tataru C,Caillet M,Hatem-Gantzer G,Maraux B FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Care and analgesic protocols for CR surgery. Objective: To assess and describe the management of postoperative pain after CR,and the practices amongst specialists in different countries Study Population: surgeons performing CR in different countries  Findings: Between March and June 2020,49 surgeons were contacted,32 care providers from 14 countries submitted answers to the questionnaire. Analyses were performed on 31 surgeons (one missing data). Most of them declared working in a multidisciplinary team. All the participants reported seeing women and assessing pain several times At day 7 post CR,97% of the surgeons observed pain amongst their patients,which persisted up to 1 month for half of them. 22% of the participants reported feeling powerless in the management of such pain. The analgesic treatments offered are mainly step II and anti-inflammatory drugs (61%). Screening for neuropathic pain is rare (3%),as is the use of pudendal nerve block,used by 8% of the care providers and only for a small percentage of women. Conclusion Pain after CR is frequent,long-lasting,and potentially an obstacle for the women who are willing to undergo clitoral surgery and also their surgeons. Most surgeons from different countries follow analgesic protocols that do not use the full available therapeutic possibilities. Early treatment of neuropathic pain,optimisation of dosing of standard analgesics,addition of opioids,use of acupuncture,and routine intraoperative use of pudendal nerve block might improve the management of pain after CR. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Western Europe,Southern Europe,Northern Europe,Northern Africa,North America Country(ies):Germany,Austria,Belgium,Burkina Faso,Canada,Côte d’Ivoire,Egypt,Spain,United States,France,Netherlands,Senegal,Switzerland,Sweden Source