Mother,daughter,doctor: Medical professionals and mothers’ decision-making about Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Egypt (2014)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Sepideh Modrek,Maia Sieverding FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To examine the role of consultations between mothers and medical professionals in the perpetuation of the practice Study Population: Mothers,medical professionals Findings: 37% of Muslim respondents indicated that they intended to seek a doctor’s opinion in deciding whether or not to perform FGM/C on their daughter. Demand for this consultation was created by uncertainty over the harms of FGM/C,as well as the perception that the practice is medically recommended for some girls. Respondents reported doctors conducting a physical examination of the daughter and subsequently recommending to cut,not to cut,or to wait and re-examine at an older age. The majority of respondents expressed high levels of trust in doctors,suggesting substantial accordance between the doctor’s recommendation and actual FGM/C practice. These findings indicate that greater sensitization of medical professionals,not only illegalization,is necessary in order to further reduce the prevalence of FGM/C. Doctors could be a force for abandonment if mothers value their opinions regarding FGM/C,but only if doctors consistently recommend against the practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

September 8, 2023

Mothers’ perceptions of female genital mutilation (2014)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): E. L. Ahanonu,O. Victor FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To assess the perceptions of FGM among mothers at a primary healthcare centre in Lagos,Nigeria. Study Population: Mothers Findings: Findings showed that the mothers held ambivalent beliefs about the practice. Although over half of the respondents (56.8%) perceived the practice of FGM as not being beneficial,44.2% thought that uncircumcised girls will become promiscuous. Nearly a third (30.5%) believed that FGM promotes a woman’s faithfulness to her husband. About a quarter (26.3%) reported that women who have undergone FGM are not at any risk of gynaecological complications. There was a significant relationship between the educational background of the mothers and the perception that uncircumcised girls will be promiscuous. These perceptions about FGM show that government at all levels should continue with educational efforts aimed at eradicating this practice. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Mothers perspectives of female genital mutilation: among the Maasai community in Kenya (2011)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Oleleparakuo Jane Malaso FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To find out mothers perspectives on female genital mutilation (FGM) among the Maasai community in Kenya Study Population: Mothers Findings: The results of this study revealed that the mothers interviewed had good knowledge about the effects of female genital mutilation in general and the risks involved with its practice,although afraid of losing their culture. They were also aware of the long term and short term effects to their daughters and the unborn child,which could be as serious as leading to permanent disabilities and death. The mothers interviewed had knowledge on the signs to look for after FGM infection and to determine if medical treatment was required instead of depending on natural treatment only. Most mothers admitted use of natural treatment as well as modern medicine and other treatment methods.  They acknowledged other recommended alternatives to stop female genital mutilation,such as girl child education since their daughters had more knowledge and facts to prove why female genital mutilation was harmful to them. Additionally the study results indicated the willingness of the participants to work closely with health professionals who have better knowledge about FGM and its effects. They are also aware that FGM/C is illegal in Kenya and if they are caught,they are liable to prosecution Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Mothers’ factors associated with female genital mutilation in daughters in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (2016)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Shabila Nazar P FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To determine mothers’ factors associated with the occurrence of FGM among their daughters Study Population: women aged 15 to 49 years having at least one daughter Findings: Mothers’ age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.18 at ages 25-34 years,aOR = 22.64 at ages 35-44 years,and aOR = 29.78 at ages 45-49 years,compared to the age group 15-24 years),educational level (aOR = 0.52 for primary education,aOR = 0.26 for secondary education,and aOR = 0.03 for higher education compared to uneducated),employment status (aOR = 0.55 for women having office work compared with unemployed),FGM status (aOR = 27.44 for circumcised mothers compared to uncircumcised),the governorate of residence (aOR = 18.73 for Suleimaniya and aOR = 33.23 for Erbil compared with Dohuk),and the wealth index of the household (aOR = 0.55 for richest group compared to the poorest) were significantly associated with the occurrence of FGM in daughters. Strategies aimed at preventing this harmful practice in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region should include female education and empowerment. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Asia Country(ies):Iraq Source

Movement frames and African women’s explanations for opposing female genital cutting (2006)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Boyle E,Carbone-López K FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To address how people account for their beliefs in FGM and what social factors affect or determine those accounts Study Population: Women Findings: The study concluded that although international anti-FGM/C activists employ medical and human rights frames to combat the practice,most of the women surveyed did not use these frames to account for their opposition to FGM/C. Rather,they tended to explain their opposition simply by stating female genital cutting is a ‘bad tradition.’ Based on descriptive statistics and the results of HGLM analyses,the authors of the study concluded that 1) the importance of frame resonance for movement adherence varies across groups,2) frame resonance is less important to ‘adherents’ whose supportive attitudes predate mobilization,3) personal factors,such as being circumcised,exposure to western influence,and independence,increase the likelihood that adherents will link into international activist frames,and 4) the medical frame is more persuasive than the human rights frame for African anti-FGC adherents Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Middle Africa,Northern Africa Country(ies):Central African Republic,Egypt,Kenya,Mali,Sudan Source

MP67-23 EVALUATING THE AWARENESS,CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING AMONG FEMALE PELVIC MEDICINE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY SPECIALISTS IN THE UNITED STATES (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Hannah S. T,Nnenaya A. M,Gregory A,Crista J.A,Tami R,Jennifer T. A and Benjamin N. B FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the awareness,clinical experience,and knowledge of FGM/C among US FPMRS specialists with the ultimate goal of strengthening the recognition and care of patients with FGM/ Study Population: US-based Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) specialists completed the survey Findings: A total of 54 US-based FPMRS specialists completed the survey. All providers had heard of FGM/C before; however only 13% received formal education during medical training. Over half of respondents had encountered a patient with FGM/C in clinical practice; however,only 19% and 13% felt completely confident recognising and discussing FGM/C,respectively (Table 1). 70% believed religious doctrine informed the practice of FGM/C and 24% correctly identified the type of FGM/C on clinical representation. Only 17% of respondents were aware of FGM/C guidelines and providers expressed a desire for future,multimodal educational resources on the topic. Finally,80% of FPMRS specialists correctly identified that FGM/C is illegal in the US. Education regarding FGM/C remains sparse and variable for US FPMRS specialists,and cultural and clinical knowledge is lacking. With increasing globalization,there is an imperative for both urologists and gynecologists to be aware of FGM/C. Future work seeks to focus on formal provider education and investigation of the perspectives of patients with FGM/C,in order to translate findings into meaningful education and patient-centered care. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):United States Source

MSO-Study full-report final web. (2017)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): O’Neill S.,Dubourg D.,Florquin S.,Bos M.,Zewolde S.,& Richard F. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: N/A. Objective: To increase knowledge on the men’s role in the perpe-tuation of the practice Study Population: Senior Somalian/Djiboutian men: young men from different African countries ; women. Findings: Religion and tradition were mentioned as the main justifications for practising. Although FGM is practised by Christians,Muslims as well as followers of indigenous religious practice,Muslims perceived “female circumcision” to be an es-sential element of their religious identity. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Europe,Northern Europe Country(ies):Belgium,United Kingdom Source

Multidisciplinary approach to the management of children with female genital mutilation (FGM) or suspected FGM: service description and case series (2016)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Sarah M Creighton,Joanna Dear, Claudia de Campos,Louise Williams, and Deborah Hodes FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Gynaecological. Objective: To describe the first dedicated clinic in the UK for children with suspected or confirmed female genital mutilation (FGM) including referral patterns,clinical findings and subsequent management Study Population: Patients aged under 18 years referred for clinical assessment or for a second opinion on Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) images Findings: 38 children were referred of whom 18 (47%) had confirmed FGM; most frequently type 4 (61%). Social care and police referred 78% of cases. According to UK law FGM had been performed illegally in three cases. Anonymous information given to the police led to the referral of six children,none of whom had had FGM. The proportion of children in this study found to have type 4 FGM was a new and important finding. The number of children in this study was small but given that the majority of girls originated from Somalia where type 3 FGM was more common,these findings were unexpected. It was possible this demonstrated a move towards abandonment of the practice as the health risks of type 4 FGM were generally lower than the other types of FGM. The study concludes that mandatory reporting and increased media attention may increase the numbers of referrals of children with suspected FGM. This patient group have complex needs and management in a dedicated multidisciplinary service is essential. Paediatricians and gynaecologists should have the skills to carry out the consultation and detect all types of FGM including type 4 which was the most common type seen in this series. This was the first dedicated FGM service for children in the UK and establishment of similar clinics in high-prevalence areas should be encouraged Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Europe Country(ies):United Kingdom,United Kingdom Source

Multilevel Analysis of Factors Determining Female Genital Mutilation Practice in Ethiopia (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Chikako T.U,Tuke G.A,Hunduma A.J FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The main objectives of this study are to assessfactors associated withfemale genital mutilation practicein Ethiopia.The specific objectives are:✓To identify factors associated withFGM practice in Ethiopia.✓To investigate regional differences in FGM practice in Ethiopia.✓To determine the prevalence of FGMpractice in Ethiopia Study Population: The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on women of reproductive age (15-49) years Findings: The study confirmed that the prevalence of female genital mutilation (cutting) was 65% in Ethiopia. From these,the most common type of circumcision involved cutting and removing flesh,with 73% of circumcised women reporting this type of circumcision. Three percent of circumcised women reported that, they had no flesh removed,and seven percent of circumcised women reported that their genital area had been sewn closed (infibulated). In Ethiopia, however, the challenge is that most uneducated women,women with low wealth, and those with no media exposure still seem to be affected by female genital mutilation. Moreover,religion,education status,place of residence,wealth index, and media exposure all contribute to improving the awareness of women about the risks of female circumcision and other female health services. From the methodological aspect,it was found out that the multilevel random intercept model is better compared to empty (null) model and random coefficient model in fitting the data and in explaining the variations of the practice of female genital mutilation status across regional levels of Ethiopia. Additionally,the overall variance of constant term found in the random intercept model was statistically significant,suggesting that female genital mutilation is practiced differently in different region of Ethiopia.  Females of the same age and characteristics in two different regions have different circumcised status,which indicates that there is a clear regional difference. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Mutilación sexual femenina,características de esta práctica: Features of this practice (2009)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Vanegas Estrada,Fatou A,Valdez Álvarez O FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Gynaecology and reproductive health. Objective: To identify the different factors Involved in FGM practice,and frequency of physical Consequences and psychological sequelae Study Population: Women Findings: The study found a 90% prevalence of the practice in the patients in studied. There was a predominance of housewives,illiterates,married,and Muslims. The 60.8% of polled Patients ignored complications of the practice. In all the cases we found a scar injury. The 89% of Patients Recognized the presence of psychosexual disorders. Tradition and religion Were the causes Stated for the carrying out of Their Daughters with a significant difference (p