Female Genital Mutilation: Health Consequences and Complications—A Short Literature Review (2018)
This study is a Comparative reserach,Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics:
Author(s): Klein,E.,Helzner,E.,Shayowitz,M.,Kohlhoff,S.,& Smith-Norowitz,T. A.
FGM/C Type(s): All
Health area of focus: None.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare literature sources regarding the practice and negative outcomes of FGM as well as explore the phenomena perpetuating the custom.
Study Population: Relied on articles
Findings: FGM has short- and long-term physiological and psychological repercussions. There is a high risk of complications if sterile equipment,antiseptics,and antibiotics were not used. Staphylococcus infections,UTIs,severe discomfort,and hemorrhaging are primary infections. HIV,Chlamydia trachomatis,Clostridium tetani,and herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 are significantly more common in Type 3 mutilated women than in other categories. Because of insufficient health care in low-income countries,short-term problems increase mortality risk. While data on FGM mortality is unknown and hard to get,1 in 500 circumcisions resulted in death. Sudanese case-control research debunked the idea that the technique protects against STIs,like male circumcision. After the wound heals,victims suffer physiological,psychological,and birthing difficulties. Keloid scar tissue is one of the most common long-term consequences. FGM scars can cause women anxiety and humiliation. Entrapped nerves in a scar can induce neuromas and extreme pain,especially during sexual activity. First sexual encounters require painful dilation of the mutilation hole. In Sudanese research,15% of women reported cutting before penetration. Cysts,haematocolpos,dysuria,recurrent urine infections,and infertility may also occur. Complications during childbirth increase maternal death rates for intubated mothers. Inbulated women (genitals tightly closed) are sliced in the perineum area to deliver the baby safely. FGM has been associated with medical,sociocultural,and economic consequences [9,38]. Elimination of FGM is possible through directing resources in an efficient manner. Targeted interventions can include cultural and ethnical proponents. .us,future research should explore the effects of intervention strategies to prevent FGM.
Geographical coverage
Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Middle Africa,Northern Africa
Country(ies):Nigeria,Ethiopia,Egypt,Central African Republic