Association between maternal level of education and female genital cutting in 1-14 years girls in Egypt. A secondary analysis of the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Eman A. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To investigate the association between the educational level of the mother and female genital cutting among young girls aged 1-14 years in Egypt. Study Population: women of childbearing age Findings: Of the 17,573 ever-married women,54% had daughter FGC. Multivariate logistic regression showed that maternal education was negatively associated with daughter FGC. Mothers with primary,secondary,and higher educational levels had lower odds of daughter FGC compared to uneducated mothers. The study also showed that wealthier mothers were less likely to have daughter FGC,while mothers who were circumcised had higher odds of daughter FGC.This study revealed that maternal educational level,among other factors was associated with female genital cutting among girls aged 1-14 years in Egypt. Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt Source

September 8, 2023

Associations between female genital mutilation/ cutting and HIV: a review of the evidence (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Noah Pinheiro,Y. A. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This article reviewed current evidence of associations between FGM/C and HIV, Study Population: Relied on 14 studies from several African countrie Findings: Findings were inconsistent: four studies found no association between FGM/C and HIV,six found a negative association,two found a positive association,and two found an indirect association. Many of the studies had significant deficiencies including insufficient statistical power,inadequate adjustment for potential confounders,and measurement of FGM/C status by self-reporting alone Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Associations between female genital mutilation/cutting and early/child marriage: A multi-country DHS/MICS analysis (2020)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): J Karumbi,D Gathara FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: gynaecological. Objective: to investigate the relationship between FGM/C and early/child marriage;to investigate the possible correlates of early/child marriage; to compare FGM/C practice across the region; and,to examine the correlates for FGM/C. Study Population: women ages 20 to 24 and 15 to 49 years Findings: The prevalence of FGM/C was considerably higher than the prevalence of early/child marriage in Burkina Faso,Egypt,Ethiopia,Gambia,and Sierra Leone,while 20 to 24 year old women in Kenya,Nigeria,and Senegal reported a higher proportion of early/child marriage than FGM/C. There were sub-national and ethnic variations in the prevalence of FGM/C and early/child marriage. FGM/C is associated with early/child marriage in every country assessed except Ethiopia,The Gambia,Sudan,and Somaliland Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa,Northern Africa Country(ies):Egypt,Ethiopia,Kenya,Nigeria,Senegal,Sudan,Somalia,Burkina Faso,Gambia,Sierra Leone Source

Associations between FGM/C and HIV in Ethiopia,the Gambia,Associations between FGM/C and HIV in Ethiopia,the Gambia,Kenya,and Sierra Leone: A limited analysis of Demographic and Kenya,and Sierra Leone: A limited analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data (2019)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Pinheiro,Y. A. N.,Moore,Z.,& Gathara,D. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study examined the relationship between HIV prevalence,FGM/C status and key background characteristics such as age,education,household wealth,marital status,parity and residence among women aged 15 to 49 years Study Population: women with both FGM/C and HIV statu Findings: The rate of FGM/C was high in all countries except Kenya. FGM/C types I (partial or complete removal of the clitoris and/or the clitoral hood) and II (partial or complete removal of the clitoris and labia minora; and,in some cases,the labia majora) were predominant in all countries except Ethiopia. In Ethiopia type III (removal of the labia minora and/or labia majora,followed by forcing the wound edges together to create a seal,for example through stitching) was common. HIV prevalence ranged from 1.7 percent (Ethiopia 2005) to 8.7 percent (Kenya 2003). There was no statistically significant association between FGM/C status and HIV prevalence among women in Ethiopia,The Gambia and Sierra Leone. In contrast,in the Kenya 2003 and 2008-2009 samples,cut women were less likely than uncut women to be HIV Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa,Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia,Gambia,Kenya,Sierra Leone Source

ATTITUDE OF MOTHERS AND FEMALE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN IKA NORTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Ozuri R. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study assessed the attitude of mothers and female secondary school students towards female genital mutilation in Ika North East Local Government Area of Delta State. Study Population: 100 students and 100 female teachers Findings: The analysis yielded the following results: that there is no significant difference in the different ages of mothers and their attitude towards female genital mutilation,that there is no significant difference in the educational attainment of mothers and their attitude towards Female Genital Mutilation was rejected and that there is no significant difference between mothers and female secondary school students in their attitude towards female genital mutilation was rejected. Based on the findings of the study,the following recommendations were made among others: It is imperative that actions be taken to prevent and reduce the unacceptable practice of female genital mutilation in our society,women should be given the priviledged for proper academic coaching such as acquisition of literacy skills or pre-employment training lectures. Women should also be given the opportunity to play a vital role in female genital mutilation and as such programmmes of activities should be circulated in all the various groups in the communities in order to avoid bias,chaos and crisis. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Attitude towards female circumcision among women in Ethiopia (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Alemu DG,Haile ZT,Conserve DF FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study assessed attitude towards the practice among Ethiopian women aged 15-49. Using the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey from 2016 as a data source,we analyzed a sample of 6984 women. Study Population: Ethiopian women aged 15-49 Findings: The main outcome variable assessed whether women supported or rejected the continuation of the practice. In the bivariate analysis,all the sociodemographic variables including women’s circumcision experience were strongly associated with the outcome variable. In the multiple logistic regression,only education,wealth,religion,and circumcision status were independently associated with women’s attitude towards FGM/C. For instance,compared to women with no education,women with at least a secondary education were more than 4 times (AOR 4.2,95% CI 2.53-7.04,P-Value < 0.001) more likely to agree with the termination of the practice. Our findings suggest that changing attitudes towards FGM/C may require uplifting the social and economic status of women,working with those who have experienced FGM/C and collaborating with religious leaders. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Ethiopia Source

Attitudes and awareness of female genital mutilation: a questionnaire-based study in a Kenyan hospital (2007)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Livermore L,Monteiro R,Rymer J FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore attitudes and awareness of FGM in Kenya with particular reference to the law,health complications and educational programmes. Study Population: Not stated Findings: A significant decline in the prevalence of FGM was demonstrated and awareness of health complications of FGM shown to be the main factor causing this trend. The need for further efforts to eradicate the practice and the importance of religion and culture in shaping social attitudes was evident. The outlawing of FGM was considered a positive advance but may have the detrimental effect of deterring women from seeking medical assistance for complications relating to FGM. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Attitudes of circumcised women towards discontinuation of genital cutting of their daughters in Kenya (2015)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Patra S,Singh RK FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To provide an overview of changing attitudes of women towards FGC in Kenya. Study Population: 2008-09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data Findings: About 68% of these women wanted to discontinue FGC,and attitudes towards discontinuation were found to vary with women’s background characteristics. Surprisingly,92.5% of circumcised women of the North-Eastern province still wished to continue FGC,and for Muslims the percentage was 72.2%. About 36% of circumcised women responded that their daughters were already circumcised. Only 13% of circumcised mothers intended their daughters to be circumcised in the future. The study shows that the attitude of Kenyan women,irrespective of their circumcision status,has been changing gradually towards the discontinuation of circumcision of their daughters. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Kenya Source

Attitudes of Community towards Female Genital Mutilation in Manyoni District,Singida Region,Tanzania (2018)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Chingonikaya,E. E. & Salehe,F. S. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This study intended to assess the attitudes of people towards the FGM and its social value in order to generate information,which would be useful in conducting more successful campaigns against the practice. Study Population: Community members Findings: The results found that 66.7 percent of respondents had a negative view towards female genital mutilation (FGM),20.8% had a neutral attitude,and 12.5% had a good attitude towards FGM. The majority of respondents (79.2 percent) cited increased chances of marriage as one of the reasons for having FGM,whereas the majority (77.5%) cited Lawalawa and the majority (76.7%) cited evidence of sexual maturity. Many residents in the district appeared to have a negative view on female genital mutilation. This implies that FGM could be eradicated because most people have an unfavorable view on the procedure. Generally,the attitudes of people in the study had been negative towards the FGM. Therefore,the possibility of eradicating the FGM is obvious,especially for the coming generation. Researchers recommended that campaigns to eradicate FGM should actively involve younger women who many of them do not prefer the practice. The campaigns should also major in doing away with cultural beliefs and how to treat lawalawa,since Lawalawa is not actually a disease,but a result of dirt and poor cleanliness of genitalia. Therefore,emphasis on campaigns for eradicating the practice should strongly be to encourage women to keep themselves and their female children clean. In case of infections,the victims should be taken to health centres for treatment. Stereotypic notions bonded in the culture and beliefs of the communities on favour of FGM should also be removed through healthy,psychological,and human rights approaches. Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa Country(ies):Tanzania Source

Attitudes of health care providers regarding female genital mutilation and its medicalization in Guinea (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Balde MD,O’Neill S,Sall AO,Balde MB,Soumah AM,Diallo B,et al FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To understand the attitudes of health care providers related to FGM and its medicalization as well as the potential role of the health sector in addressing this practice,a study was conducted in Guinea to inform the development of an intervention for the health sector to prevent and respond to this harmful practice. Study Population: Health care providers Findings: The majority of health care providers participating in this study were opposed to FGM and its medicalization. Survey data showed that 94% believed that it was a serious problem; 89% felt that it violated the rights of girls and women and 81% supported criminalization. However,within the health sector,there is no enforcement or accountability to the national law banning the practice. Despite opposition to the practice,many (38%) felt that FGM limited promiscuity and 7% believed that it was a good practice.Health care providers could have an important role in communicating with patients and passing on prevention messages that can contribute to the abandonment of the practice. Understanding their beliefs is a key step in developing these approaches. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Guinea Source