Analysing Normative Influences on the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among 0–14 Years Old Girls in Senegal: A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical Regression Approach (2021)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Kandala,N.B.; Nnanatu,C.C.; Atilola,G.; Komba,P.; Mavatikua,L.; Moore,Z.; Matanda,D. FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: This paper attempts investigate normative influences in the persistence of the practice among Senegalese girls,identify and map ‘hotspots Study Population: girls aged 0–14 ,Two sets of data—the 2017 SDHS and a pooled data from 2010 SDHS to 2017 SDHS were used Findings: The authors found that a girl’s probability of cutting was higher if her mother was cut,supported FGM/C continuation or believed that the practice was a religious obligation. In addition,living in rural areas and being born to a mother from Diola,Mandingue,Soninke or Poular ethnic group increased a girl’s likelihood of being cut. The hotspots identified included Matam,Tambacounda and Kolda regions. Conclusions: Our findings offer a clearer picture of the dynamics of FGM/C practice among Senegalese girls and prove useful in informing evidence-based intervention policies designed to achieve the abandonment of the practice in Senega Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Senegal Source

September 8, 2023

Analysis of the Cultural Origins of Violence against Women,with an Emphasis on the Circumcision of Women in Bender Kong (2007)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Paisa Rezazadeh Jalali FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To analyze of the Cultural Origins of Violence against Women,with an Emphasis on the Circumcision of Women Study Population: Women Findings: The findings demonstrated that there is much more support for FGM among Sunni population than the Shi’a population,even though a minority of Shi’a women also practiced and believed in FGM. According to her data,education also played an important role among women,where more educated women refused to ‘circumcise’ their daughters and were against the practice. the study concludes that most women in the area which she studied have come to believe that girls’ circumcision does not have any benefit and is instead very harmful to them. Geographical coverage Region(s):Southern Asia Country(ies):Iran Source

Analysis of the Evolution of the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Burkina Faso (2008)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding II FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Nafissatou J. Diop,Zakari Congo,Aïna Ouédraogo,Alphonsine Sawadogo,Lydia Saloucou,Ida Tamini FGM/C Type(s): II Health area of focus: None. Objective: To analyze the Evolution of the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Burkina Faso Study Population: Women Findings: The adoption of the law against excision and its effective implementation has been crucial factors for Burkina Faso. The firm political will of the government,which has spared no effort in supporting the campaign,has enabled a holistic vision that incorporates all socio-professional categories. The media have been constantly used throughout the whole process to disseminate and advocate the Position of the government and other stakeholders. Among the reasons why excision still continues in Burkina Faso is a certain view of the world and a model for women within the community,which includes FGM/C as a guarantee of sexual stability,of virginity and chastity,of fidelity within the home and of successful marriage. But even if social and family pressures remain strong,the mechanisms for maintaining this practice socially are now diluted within most communities,and so sustaining the practice has become largely an individual and family responsibility Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Burkina Faso Source

Anxiety during pregnancy among Sudanese pregnant women (2006)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): S Hussein FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Anxiety during pregnancy. Objective: To determine frequency of anxiety among Sudanese women as related to pregnancy and customs related factors Study Population: Pregnant ladies and controls were studied at the antenatal clinics Findings: Data as analysed at significance of P 0.05. Three of the variables in the study were independently associated with anxiety during pregnancy. These were previous still birth (P 0.0370),female genital mutilation (pharaonic circumcision) (P 0.0070) and low level of education (P 0.004). Study concluded that previous still birth,Pharaonic circumcision and poor educational level were significant risk factors for anxiety during pregnancy and therefore,doctors,midwives and health visitors should be well trained to look after psychological aspects of pregnant ladies to relief anxiety and build self-confidence Geographical coverage Region(s):Northern Africa Country(ies):Sudan Source

Approximation to the ablation/female genital mutilation (A/FGM) from the Transcultural Nursing. A bibliographical revisión (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Jiménez Ruiz,Almansa Martínez,Pastor Bravo,Pina Roche FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To analyze the argumentations in favour to the Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) with the intention to know and understand the complex and subjective reality of this practice Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The FGM was understood as a cultural care of women determined by socio-cultural,hygienic- aesthetic,religious- spiritual and sexual factors among others related with health. In this way,a wide range of secondary complications to FGM had been described Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Are There “Stages of Change” in the practice of Female Genital Cutting? Qualitative Research Finding from Senegal and the Gambia (2006)

This study is a Descriptive research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): B Shell-Duncan and Y Herniund FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To explore whether and how theoretical models of stages of behaviour change can be applied to FGC. Study Population: Married females (413) who had at least one life birth and their husbands (318) Findings: Findings suggested that individual readiness to change the practice of FGC was most clearly seen as operating along a continuum,and that broad stages of change characterized regions or segments of this continuum. Stages identified by previous researchers for other “problems behaviours” such as smoking inadequately describe readiness to change FGC since this decision is often a collective rather than individual one. The data revealed that the concept of stage of change was a complex construct that simultaneously captured behaviour,motivation,and features of the environment in which the decision was being made. Consequently stages identified in this research reflected the multidimensional nature of readiness to change the practice of FGC. Limitations of stage of change models as applied to FGC included the fact that they did not capture important aspects of the dynamics of negotiation between decision-makers,and did not reflect the shifting nature of opinions of individuals or the constellation of decision-makers. Nonetheless,the study suggested that the application of stage of change theory may provide a useful means of describing readiness for change of individual decisions-makers,and at an aggregate level,patterns of readiness for change in a community. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Senegal,Gambia Source

Art Therapy and the Female African Diaspora’s Experience of Female Genital Cutting (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Toll,Haley FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: Psychological and emotional wellbeing. Objective: Assess how the experience of FGC and emigrating from Africa to Canada may affect an individual’s psychological and emotional wellbeing Study Population: Canadian professionals,through academic,governmental and nongovernmental documents Findings: The review demonstrated that FGC is experienced differently and it has been correlated with PTSD,anxiety,sexual disorders and depression,while these painful feelings may be expressed through somatization (Behrendt & Moritz,2005; Chibber et al.,2011). It may also have no psychological repercussions. Geographical coverage Region(s):North America Country(ies):Canada Source

Assessing Socio-Cultural Factors that Still Preserve Female Genital Mutilation Practice among Women in Selected Rural Communities of Enugu State (2016)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Onodu Winifred Uzoamaka FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: The study examined the socio-cultural factors that still preserve female genital mutilation practice among women in selected rural communities of Enugu State. Study Population: Women of reproductive age Findings: Key findings revealed that 46.3% still practice female genital mutilation in the studied rural communities. The strongest social factors that preserves the practice of female genital mutilation were the belief that it controls sexual desires and promiscuity among women – mean =3.23 and SD = 6.14); 157 (52.3%) strongly agreed. The most strongly agreed cultural factors preserving the practice of female genital mutilation were that it is done in order to initiate girls into womanhood strongly agreed by 138 (46%); mean = 3.02 SD = 4.72. The study concluded that many women still practice female genital mutilation in the rural communities studied and actually encourage its continuity. Geographical coverage Region(s):Western Africa Country(ies):Nigeria Source

Assessing the controversy: female genital mutilation or legitimate rite of passage? (2012)

This study is a Explanatory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Brockington M FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: To provide a cross-cultural overview of the ethical debate on this controversial subject,including both the justifications for the continuation of the practice and those advocating its cessation. It also discusses the different factors that support the persistence of the practice and then formulate a culturally sensitive plan of action for the eradication of female genital cutting/circumcision Study Population: Relied on articles Findings: The study concluded that female genital cutting is,indeed,mutilation. The practice removes healthy organs and tissue from innocent girls and with it eliminates their human rights to bodily integrity and wholeness,sexual pleasure,and a lifetime without pain or suffering from the physical,psychological,reproductive,and sexual ramifications. No matter the severity of the type of FGC,all forms denied girls and women these basic human rights and cannot be justified by religious,cultural,or medical reasons Geographical coverage Region(s):Not specified Country(ies):Not specified Source

Assessing the implementation of the convention on the rights of the child in lusophone africa (angola and Mozambique) (2012)

This study is a Exploratory research regarding All FGM/C with the following characteristics: Author(s): Aquinaldo Célio Tomás Samissone Mandlate FGM/C Type(s): All Health area of focus: None. Objective: the main objective of this study is to determine if the laws,institutions and policies focusing on children’s rights in these countries meet the standards of the CRC. The study also aims to investigate as well as assess if the measures for implementation of the Convention as adopted by these countries have been explored sufficiently and if there are ways of exploring them further. female genital mutilation and early marriage,both of which impair the enjoyment of rights for the girl child,as well as child trafficking,which in recent years has become a problem affecting many children,especially in countries like Mozambique where cases are reported annually Study Population: not stated Findings: The examples discussed in this thesis highlighted certain advancements amidst huge barriers facing the implementation of children’s rights in the countries under examination. On thepositive aspects,child-laws were enacted and children’s interests were included in policy documents.40 Furthermore,the countries created institutions dealing with children’s matters,and made provisions for these institutions to adopt administrative measures to advance the rights under consideration.41 This has had a positive effect in terms of advancing the purposes of the CRC Geographical coverage Region(s):Eastern Africa,Middle Africa Country(ies):Angola,Mozambique Source